Psy 250 Final

Question 1

HM (Henry Molaison) after being knocked down by a bicycle. 3 years after that incident, he began to have uncontrollable seisures. He underwent a surgery to remove most of his temperal lobes. It worked. he stopped having seizures; however, he couldnt make/produce new memories.

Answer 1

…

Question 2

anterograde amnesia

Answer 2

not being able to form new memories, staying stuck in the past.

Question 3

retrograde amnesia

Answer 3

not being able to remember the past prior to the impairment. (textbook: the inability to remember events prior to impairment)

Question 4

• The subpart of the hippocampus the CA1 provides the primary output from the hippocampus to other brain areas.
• Damage this and it results in moderate anterograde amnesia and only minimal retrograde amnesia.

Answer 4

…

Question 5

Damage to the entire hippocampal formation results in ____ amnesia extending back 15 yrs or more.

Answer 5

retrograde

Question 6

____ is the process in which the brain forms a more or less permanent physical representation of a memory.

Answer 6

consolidation

Question 7

____ is the process of accessing stored memories– in other words, the act of remembering.

Answer 7

retrieval

Question 8

the ___ has a role in retrieval and it also participates in consolidation.

Answer 8

hippocampus

Question 9

____ memory has a fairly limited capacity; it can hold about seven items for no more than 20 or 30 seconds at a time.

Answer 9

Short-term

Question 10

Important information is gradually transferred from short-term memory into _____. The more the information is repeated or used, the more likely it is to eventually end up in ____ memory, or to be “retained.” (That’s why studying helps people to perform better on tests.) Unlike sensory and short-term memory, which are limited and decay rapidly, ____memory can store unlimited amounts of information indefinitely.

Answer 10

long-term memory

Question 11

____ ____ involves learning that results in memories of facts, people, and events that a person can vebalize or declare. For example, you can remember going to class, where you sat, who was there, and what was discussed.

Answer 11

Declarative memory

Question 12

____ ___ involves memories for behaviors; these memories result from procedural or skills learning, emotional learning, and stimulus-response conditionoing

Answer 12

Nondeclarative memory

Question 13

___ ___ provides a temporary “register” for information while it is being used. ___ ___ holds a phone number you just looked up or that you recall from memory while you dial the number.

Answer 13

working memory

Question 14

The ___ ___ serves a temporary memory register and it also manages certain kinds of behavioral strategies and decision making and coordinates activity in the brain areas involved in the perception and response function of a task, all while directing the neural traffic in working memory.

Answer 14

prefrontal cortex

Question 15

_____ ______ is an increase in synaptic strength resulting form the simultaneous activation of presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons.

Answer 15

Long-term potentiation

Question 16

LTP is usually induced in the laboratory by stimulating the presynaptic neurons with pulses of high-frequency electricity for a few seconds; temporal summation of these high-frequency stimuli ensures that the postsynaptic neurons will fire along with the presynaptic neurons.

Answer 16

Long-term potentiation

Question 17

Within 30 min of LTP, postsynaptic neuron develop increased number of dendritic spines, outgrowths from the dendrites that partially bridge the synaptic cleft anf mke the synapse more sensitive. Postsynaptic strength is increased further as additional AMPA receptors are transported from the dendrites into the spines.

Answer 17

…..

Question 18

In recent years researchers have come to realize that each time a memory is retrieved , it must be reconsolidated, and during that time the memory becomes even more vulnerable.

Answer 18

…

Question 19

Apperantly, reopening a memory provides the opportunity to refine it, correct errors, and modify your emotional response to redheaded acquaintances. Reconsolidation may even have therapeutic usefulness. It can be used to eliminate a learned fear response in humans, and could provide an effective tool for erasing fear memories in people with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Answer 19

….

Question 20

Until fairly recently, researchers believed that declining memory and cognitive abilities were an inevitable consequence of aging. It is not true, a professor that is 30 yrs performs the same as a professor that is 60 yrs old.

Answer 20

..

Question 21

The most common cause of demensia is ____ ___, a disorder characterized by progressive brain deterioration and impaired memory and other mental abilities.

Answer 21

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 22

For Alzheimer’s the earliest and most severe symptom is usually impaired declarative memory. The person has trouble remembering the events before, forgets names, and has trouble finding the right word in a conversation.

Answer 22

….

Question 23

Substantial loss of memory and other cognitive abilities (usually, but not neccesarily, in the elderly) is referred to as _____. The most common cause of _____ is _______.

Answer 23

dementia ; alzheimers

Question 24

Another cause of dementia is ____ ____ , brain deteroriation that is almost always caused by chronic alcoholism.

Answer 24

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Question 25

Symptoms for _____ _____: The most pronounced symptom is anterograde amnesia, but retrograde amnesia is also severe. Also impairment in the declarative memory.

Answer 25

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Question 26

Understanding how we measure intellegence is important because we are in effect defining intellegence as ___ ___ ____ ____

Answer 26

what that test measures

Question 27

The measures of intelligence is typically expressed as the _____ ____

Answer 27

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 28

The first intellegence test was devised by ____ ____ in 1905, to identify French schoolchildren who needed special instruction.

Answer 28

Alfred Binet

Question 29

Critics believe that scores on traditional intelligence tests are closely related to academic performance and to higher socioeconomic levels mostly because the tests were designed to reflect that kind of success.

Answer 29

...

Question 30

____ claim that intellegince is a single, unitary capability, which is usually called the general factor g.

Answer 30

Lumpers

Question 31

___ ___ theorists admit that there are seperate abilities that vary somewhat in strength in an individual, but they place much greater weight on the underlying factor. They point out that a person who is high in one cognitive skill is usually high in others, so they believe that a measure of g is adequate by itself to describe a person's intellectual ability.

Answer 31

General factor

Question 32

____, on the other hand, hold that intelligence is made up of several mental abilities that are more or less independent of each other. Therefore, they are more interested in scores on the subtests of standard IQ tests or scores from tests of specific cognitive abilities.

Answer 32

Splitters

Question 33

____ ___ require the person to apprehend, select, and attend to meaningful itemrs from a weller of stimuli arriving at the sensory organs. Then the person must retrieve infromation from memory, relate the new information to it, and then manipulate the mental representation of the combined information.

Answer 33

Cognitive processes

Question 34

A number of researchers have shown that IQ scores do correlate with reaction time. Apprarently the reason is that IQ score are also correlated with nerve conduction velocity, even more than with reaction time. In addition, people who are more intelligent excel on tasks in which stimuli are presented for an extremely short interval and on tasks that require choices.

Answer 34

...

Question 35

One of the most obvious contributors to how well the information travels through the brain is ____, which both increases conduction speed and protects against "cross-talk" between neurons.

Answer 35

myelination

Question 36

Humans have a greater proportion of white matter (myelinated processes) to gray matter than other animals, and IQ varies among individuals with the degree of myelination. AKA the more myeline an individual has the faster he will respond to the test and the "smarter" he is.

Answer 36

...

Question 37

Individuals that are smart use less brain energy. Individuals who are average to low intellegince use more brain energy.

Answer 37

...

Question 38

The statistical method called ___ ___ has been useful in identifying possible components. The procedure involves giving a group of people several tests that measure cognitive abilities that might be related to intelligence; the tests may be intelligence tests, or they may be measures of more limited abilities such as verbal skills or reaction time.

Answer 38

factor analysis

Question 39

Three major capabilities have emerged frequently as major components of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial.

Answer 39

..

Question 40

_____ ability in humans depend on the prefrontal cortex and the perietal cortex.

Answer 40

Mathematical

Question 41

Critics fear that inheritance of intelligence implies that intelligence is inborn and unchangeable. However, IQ scores are increasing at the rate of 5 to 25 points in a generation so test constructors must adjust the test norms occasionally to maintain an average of 100 points. So yes intelligence is inherited but can be improved through the environment.

Answer 41

...

Question 42

T or F | Correlation of IQ among relatives does not mean that intelligence is inherited.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Most researchers agree that intelligence is the result of the joint contributions of genes and environment, both are neccesary.

Answer 43

..

Question 44

we know that intelligence is correlated with environmental factors but it is hard to determine what those factors are.

Answer 44

...

Question 45

An adopted child will have the same IQ intelligence as their BIOLOGICAL parents rather than their adoptive parents.

Answer 45

..

Question 46

______ studies: People at one age were compared with different people at another age.

Answer 46

Cross-Sectional

Question 47

_____ study- following the same people throughout the agin process- the amount of loss diminishes

Answer 47

Logitudinally

Question 48

Even in healthy aging there is a loss of coordination in the _____ ____ ___, portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes that are active when the brain is at rest or focused internally rather than on the outside world; activity in the default mode network is thought to represent preparedness for action.

Answer 48

default mode network

Question 49

serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and oxytocin are all genetic links to ____

Answer 49

autism

Question 50

For the past 45 yrs ____ has been treated mostly with the stimulant drugs methyphenidate and amphetamines. These drugs increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity by blocking reuptake at the synapse so both of these transmitters have been implicated.

Answer 50

ADHD

Question 51

Althought we have known for a long time that schizophrenia is partially genetic, identifying the genes involed has been difficult because: 1. the inconsistancy of researchers including the spectrum disorder in their diagnosis of schizophrenia 2. Schizophrenia involved the cumulative effects of multiple genes, each of which has a small effect by itself. -Evidence indicates that the number of variants increases with the number of these genes inherited...

Answer 51

...

Question 52

According to the ____ ____, some threshold of casual forces must be exceeded for the illness to occur; environmental changes combine with a person's genetic vulnerability to exceed the threshold.

Answer 52

vulnerability model

Question 53

____ symptoms of schizophrenia involve the presence or exaggeration of behaviors, such as delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, and bizzare behavior.

Answer 53

positive

Question 54

____ symptoms of schizophrenia are characterized by the absence or insufficiency of normal behaviors and include lack of affect (emotion), inability to experience pleasure, lack of motivation, poverty of speech, and impaired attention

Answer 54

negative

Question 55

The ____ ____, is a hypothesis that states schixophrenia involves excessive dopamine activity in the brain.

Answer 55

dopamine hypothesis

Question 56

Another problem for the drugs was that the side effects could be intolerable. Prolonged use of a antidopamine drugs often produces ___ ___, tremors and involuntary movements caused by blocking of a dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia.

Answer 56

tardive dyskinesia

Question 57

The drugs used to treat schizophrenia became known as _______, because the term means "to take control of the neuron"

Answer 57

neuroleptics

Question 58

According to the _____ theory, hypofunction of NMDA receptors results in increases in glutamate and downstream increases in dopamine, which together produce positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Answer 58

glutamate theory

Question 59

White matter loss has been consistently reported in the brains of people with _____, particularly in prefrontal and temporal areas.

Answer 59

schizophrenia

Question 60

This ____ is widely believed to be critical to perceptual binding and cognitive performance, and it is one of the functions that is disrupted in schizophrenia.

Answer 60

schynchronization

Question 61

With ___ ____ impaired, , the intrusion of traffic noise or a distant conversation is not just annoying but can be interpreted by the person with schizophrenia as threatening.

Answer 61

auditory gating

Question 62

Several studies have reported an association between schizophrenia and brain damage that occurred within a few years prior to diagnosis. However, the studies have been criticized because of how and when it was tested.

Answer 62

....

Question 63

The _____ ____ ____ refers to the fact that more people who develop schizohrenia are born during the winter and the spring than during any other time of the year.

Answer 63

winter birth effect

Question 64

There is good evidence that the mother's exposure to ___ ____ during the fourth through sixth months of pregnacy increases the risk of schizophrenia

Answer 64

viral infections

Question 65

The defects in the brains of people diagnosed with schizophrenia apperantly occur in life, some at the time of birth or before. In some cases, it appears that many neurons in the temporal and frontal lobes failed to migrate to the outer areas of the cortex during the second trimester; they are disorganized and mislocated in the deeper white layers.

Answer 65

...

Question 66

These observations and the association of schizophrenia with birth trauma and prental ciral indection all argue for early damage to the brain or a disruption of development.

Answer 66

...

Question 67

The ___ disorders include depression and mania.

Answer 67

affective disorders

Question 68

____ : an intense feeling of sadness

Answer 68

depression

Question 69

In major _____, a person often feels sad to the point of hopelessness for weeks at a time; loses the ability to enjoy life, relationships, and sex; and experiences loss of energy and appetite, slowness of thought, and sleep disturbance. In some cases the person is also agitated or restless

Answer 69

depression

Question 70

_____ involved excess energy and confidence that often lead to grandiose schemes; decreased need for sleep, increased sexual drive, and abuse of drugs are common.

Answer 70

mania

Question 71

Depression may appear alone as _____ ___, or depression and mania may occur together in bipolar disorder.

Answer 71

unipolar depression

Question 72

In ____ ___, the individual alternates between periods of depression and mania; mania can occur without periods of depression, but this is rare.

Answer 72

bipolar disorder

Question 73

The first effective treatment for depression was discovered ______, and theory again followed practice rather than the other way around.

Answer 73

accidentally

Question 74

____ was introduced as a treatment for tuberculosis, but it was soon discovred that the drug produced elevation of mood. ____ was later abandoned as an antidepressant because of its side effects, but its ability to increase activity at the monoamine receptors led researchers to the monoamine hypothesis

Answer 74

Iproniazid

Question 75

_____ ___ : that depression involved reduced activity at norepinephrine and seretonin synapses.

Answer 75

monoamine hypothesis

Question 76

In extreme cases of treatment nonresponse or because of suicidal behaviors, an alternative is _____ _____

Answer 76

electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 77

______ ______: involves applying 70 to 130 volts of electricity to the head of an anesthetized patient, which produces a seizure accompanied by convulsive contractions of the neck and limbs and lasting about a half minute to a minute.

Answer 77

electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 78

____ ___ is reserved for patients who do not respond to the medications or who cannot take them due to extreme side effects or because of pregnancy.

Answer 78

electroconvulsive therapy

Question 79

________ ___ ____ : is a prolonged stress reaction to a traumatic event; it is typically characterized by recurrent thoughts and images (flashbacks), nightmares, lack of concentration, and overreactivity to environmental stimuli, such as loud noises.

Answer 79

posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 80

_____ ___ ___ can be triggered by all kinds of trauma, including robbery, sexual assault, hostage situations, and automobile accidents.

Answer 80

posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 81

The only drugs that consistently improve ___ symptoms are antidepressants that inhibit seretonin reuptake.

Answer 81

OCD

Question 82

If OCD patients do have seretonergic activity, then reuptake inhibitors must work by causing a compensatory reduction in activity; there is some evidence that treatment does not decrease the sensitivity of serotonin receptors, but the nature of seretonin involvement remains uncertain..

Answer 82

...

Question 83

_____ ___ is a rhythm that is about a day in length

Answer 83

carcadian rhythm

Question 84

The main biological clock that controls these rhythms in mammals is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Lesioning the SCN in rats abolishes the normal 24hr rhythm of sleep, activity, body tempt, etc.

Answer 84

....

Question 85

The SCN is what is known as the pacemaker, because it keeps time and regulates the activity of other cells.

Answer 85

..

Question 86

____ is a hormone that induces sleep

Answer 86

melatonin

Question 87

_____ ____, rhythms that are shorter than a day in length.

Answer 87

ultradian rhythms

Question 88

The most important measure of sleep activity is the EEG. When a person is awake, the EEG is a mix of __ and ___ waves. Alpha is activity whose voltage fluctates at a frequency of 13 to 30hz and a lower amplitude.

Answer 88

alpha & beta

Question 89

___ ___ ___ sleep is also called because the eyes dart back and forth horizontally during this stage.

Answer 89

rapid eye movement

Question 90

___ ___ ___, during REM sleep the forebrain intergrates neural activity generated by the brain stem with information stored in memory.

Answer 90

activation-synethesis hypothesis

Question 91

One hypothesis is that REM sleep promotes ____ development during childhood. Infant sleep starts with REM rather than non-REM, and the proportion of sleep devoted to REM is around 50% during infancy and decreases through childhood until it reaches an adult level during adolescence.

Answer 91

neural

Question 92

Non- REM functions. If someone is too overheated during the day they will have little to no REM wave lengths.

Answer 92

...

Question 93

____ sleep is important for learning. the more you have it the better you will retain the infromation

Answer 93

REM

Question 94

_____ ____, they suggest that neural networks involved in memory must have a way to purge themselves occasionally of erroneous connections and the activity during REM sleep provides the opportunity to do this.

Answer 94

reverse-learning hypothesis

Question 95

____ provides at least one of the mechanisms of sleep homeostasis.

Answer 95

adenosine

Question 96

During wakefulness, adenosine accumulates in the ___ ___ area; it inhibits arousal-producing neurons there, inducing dowsiness and reducing EEG activation.

Answer 96

basal forebrain

Question 97

Neurons in a part of the preoptic area, the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, double their rate of during during sleep...

Answer 97

..

Question 98

___ is the ability to sleep or to obtain adequate-quality sleep, to the extent that the person feels inadequently rested.

Answer 98

Insomnia

Question 99

____ : a disorder in which individuals fall asleep suddenly during the daytime and go directly into REM sleep.

Answer 99

narcolepsy

Question 100

Another symptom of narcolepsy is ___, in which the person has a sudden experience of one component of REM sleep, atonia, and falls to the floor paralyzed but fully awake.

Answer 100

cataplexy

Question 101

An important part of consciousness is what we call the self; the sense of agency, the attribution of an action or effect to ourselves rather than to another person or external force.

Answer 101

....

Question 102

____ ___ ____ (fomerly known as multiple personality), which involves shifts in consciousness and behavior that appear to be distinct personalities or selves.

Answer 102

dissociative identity disorder

Question 103

Woking memory is least crucial in: a. playing chess b. performing long division c. carrying on a conversation d. reading from a postcard

Answer 103

d. reading from a postcard

Question 104

Troy's skateboard accident damaged his perfrontal cortex. Which task will he have the most difficult with? a. performing all his old skateboard tricks b. watching someone perform a new trick, waiting his turn, and then trying the trick c. performing a trick at the same time as another skater d. remember how to balance on the skateboard

Answer 104

b. watching someone perform a new trick, waiting his turn, and then trying the trick

Question 105

When presynaptoc neurons are active and postsynaptoc neurons fire at the same time: a. one cancels the effect of the others b. the synapse is strengthened c. no neurotransmitter is released d. the action potential is inhibited

Answer 105

b. the synapse is strengthened

Question 106

If the theory of the "splitters" is accurate: a. there are multiple intelligences b. our intelligences are more or less independent of each other c. prodiciency in one ability is not strongly related to proficiency in most other abilities d. all of the above

Answer 106

d. all of the above

Question 107

Which of the following is not a symptom of PTSD? a. Nightmares b. Decreased responsiveness to environmental stimulation c. flashbacks d. lack of concentration

Answer 107

b. Decreased responsiveness to environmental stimulation

Question 108

Alpha waves are associated with: a. Arousal and alrtness b. Wakeful relaxation c. Deep slow wave sleep d. Dreaming

Answer 108

b. Wakeful relaxation