PSY 324 Exam 4 Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
numerical cognition: is it innate or culturally learned?
A
- BOTH
1. innate: infants can differentiate between diff #s of dots in an array (may b a basic human skill)
2. cultural: symbols, words for numbers, equations for numbers are all learned things
2
Q
what is the definition of a number? is it concrete?
A
- a quantity, magnitude, or size of a collection
- es ABSTRACTO - independent of symbols (‘3, three”) or the objects being enumerated (“3 hands, 3 dogs”)
3
Q
non-symbolic number cog: what types of tasks are used to measure this? what kind of judgments? (2)
A
- judging the size of arrays
1. relative judgments: “which has more/less dots?”
2. absolute judgments: how many dots are there? (“Are there 8 dots?”)
4
Q
non-symbolic number cog: relative judgments - what is the distance effect?
A
- (comparing two arrays of dots) the closer the # of dots are, the harder it is to make accurate judgments
- greater distance/disparity between quantities –> easier to id
5
Q
non-symbolic number cog: relative judgments - what is the size effect? what other species is this effect found in?
A
- (comparing two arrays of dots) it’s harder to make judgements when there are MORE dots (ex. harder to compare 15 vs 30 dots than 5 vs 10 dots)
- fish birds
6
Q
non-symbolic number cog: relative judgments - what other species are distance and size effects found in? what does this suggest?
A
- fish, birds, monkeys –> suggests that numeracy may be an evolutionary kit all orgs equipped with
7
Q
non-symbolic number cog: absolute judgments - what is subitizing?
A
- parallel processing of quantities (rather than words)
- only works for 3-4 items at a glance
8
Q
non-symbolic number cog: absolute judgments - what is counting?
A
- occurs for quantities 4+
- requires serial processing of quantities, much slower RTs
9
Q
symbolic number cognition: what types of tasks are used to measure this?
A
- deciding which of two numbers (via symbol, ex. “9 vs 10”) is bigger
10
Q
symbolic number cognition: do distance and size effects still apply?
A
- SIMÓN
11
Q
interactions btween symbolic and non-sym number cog: Koechlin exp (priming) - what was the task? how did priming affect RTs? what does it suggest?
A
- Q: “is this # greater than (ex.) 5?” (tested numbers, dot arrays, and words)
- parts primed (subliminally) with numbers greater than 5 or less than 5 –>
- faster RTs for primes greater than 5, slower for primes less than
—> automatic/subconscious accessing of digit meaning
12
Q
neural substrates of number meaning: what area most implicated in numeracy? which hemi? how do cells here behave?
A
- IPS / L Hemi
- cells respond to specific numerosities (ex. sensitive to quantities of 2, quants of 3)
13
Q
neural substrates of number meaning: IPS cells - how do they demonstrate the size effect?
A
- cells that respond to small quants (ex. 1) will not respond strongly to numbers greater than it
- BUT cells responding to larger quants (Ex. 5) WILL still respond to surrounding quants (4 or 6) —-> LESS PRECISE cognition for higher quantities (bc more cells responding)
14
Q
neural substrates of number meaning: how is number meaning diff in the L v R hemispheres?
A
- L: deals with EXACT quants (may be due to lang ability)
- R: deals with APPROXIMATE quants
15
Q
neural substrates of number meaning: lesions lead to which disorder? how are other cog functions impacted?
A
- dyscalculia: selective impairment in numerical cog
- other cog functions are fine
16
Q
spatial code for numbers: what is the SNARC effect?
A
- Q: “is this # even or odd?”
- RTs are faster when SMALLER numbers are located LEFT side of screen + when BIGGER numbers are located on RIGHT side
17
Q
models of numerican cog: what are they? (3)*
A
- McCloskey
- Dehaene
- Butterworth
18
Q
models of numerical cog: what is transcoding? which model does it favor?
A
- translating 1 quantity symbol to another (ex. 5 –> five)
- Dehaene model
- The ability to read and write numbers can be selectively impaired or preserved relative to the ability to read and write letters
19
Q
executive function: what brain region is it linked to?
A
- Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC)
20
Q
evolutionary devel. of frontal lobes: how does human PFC compare to macaques and chimps? cortex vs subcortical areas?
A
- human PFC 1.9x greater than macaques + chimps
2. ratio even greater for subcortical white matter
21
Q
evolutionary devel. of frontal lobes: PFC - what’s it’s relationship to sociality?
A
- PFC varies with species’ social group size
22
Q
PFC: what are the 5 surface regions?
A
- dorsolateral
- ventrolateral
- rostral pfc
- ant cingulate / pre-SMA
- orbito-frontal
23
Q
executive function: what are 5 domains that require EF?
A
- working mem
- task setting & prob solving
- overcoming impulses / habitual responses
- task switching
- multi-tasking
24
Q
executive function: working memory - what PFC region is active in monkeys during WM tasks? how do dorso / ventro parts differ in function?
A
- LATERAL PFC
- dorsolateral - manipulating and monitoring info
- ventrolateral: maintaining info in activated states, retrieval
25
PFC: which surfaces are primarily cognitive in function? which are social/emotional? (3)
1. LATERAL - COG
2. MEDIAL - S&E
3. ORBITAL - S&E
26
executive function: what is an ex of task setting/problem solving? what concept is it related to?
- looking to cross the street vs for a taxi
| - "fluid intelligence"
27
executive function: task setting/problem solving - what tasks are used to measure it? (3)
1. tower of london (balls on a peg in a starting position --> must re-arrange them to a goal position, increases in complexity with the # of moves required)
- activates PFC, poor in ppl w PFC damage
2. cog estimates ("how many camels in Holland?")
3. cognitive fluency ("name as many words that start w R")
28
executive function: overcoming impulses / habitual responses - what brain regions are implicated? (3)
1. anterior cingulate cortex
2. pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)
3. left dorsolateral PFC
29
executive function: overcoming impulses / habitual responses - what task is used to measure it? in what group is it underdeveloped?
- stroop task (color words, written in different colored text --> read color, not word)
- plebes / morros / pibes / chamacos / enfants /
30
executive function: task switching - what task is used to measure this?
1. wisconsin card sorting - parts group cards based on a rule that is constantly changing --> PFC activity when rule changes
31
executive function: task switching - what brain regions are implicated? (2)
1. Pre-SMA
| 2. Lateral PFC
32
executive function: multi-tasking - what brain region is implicated? (1)
1. most ANTERIOR part of PFC
33
organization of executive function: what are cold v hot processes? what do we know about them?
- Cold: Cognitive; Lateral PFC, isolated, rational, doing the hard thing
- Hot: Emotional; Orbito-frontal + Ventro-medial PFC, decision-making in social/emotionally sensitive situations
- may be 2 separate mechs for controlling the 2
34
organization of executive function: cold v hot processes - which are spared in PFC damaged patients?
- COLD processes spared / HOT processes impaired
35
organization of executive function: somatic marker hypothesis - what brain region is implicated? (1)
- VENTROMEDIAL PFC
36
organization of executive function: somatic marker hypothesis - what does it suggest about decision-making?
- Emotional events (e.g. a risky situation) are stored in memory together with "somatic markers" that reflect positive or negative body states (like gut feelings)
- each time we make a decision, we relive these stored memories, and decide on an option based on if the somatic marker is positive (do it) v negative (don't do it)
37
organization of executive function: somatic marker hypothesis - what task is used to measure this? how do PFC impaired people respond?
- IOWA betting tasks
| - take v risky bets / don't learn from past mistakes
38
organization of executive function: multiple demand network - what types of intelligence are tested? (2)
- executive function + fluid intelligence
39
organization of executive function: multiple demand network - what brain regions are implicated? how does damage affect crystallized intelligence?
1. lateral PFC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, IPL
- damage here --> impaired Exec. Func and Fluid Intelligence
2. it doesn't lol CI is spared by damage
40
organization of executive function: posterior to anterior gradient - what type of ctrl focused where?
- POSTERIOR: sensory ctrl, reflexes, ,etc.
| - ANTERIOR: branching, emotional, contextual ctrl
41
organization of executive function: hemispheric asymmetries - what functions are L hemi associated with?
1. setting up tasks + selective responding to stimuli
- generating words starting w a letter (FAS task)
- Tower of London
- WI Sorting
42
organization of executive function: hemispheric asymmetries - what functions are R hemi associated with?
1. task monitoring + sustaining attn
- WI card sorting
- how many times did a stimulus appear over 10 sec period?
43
executive function: anterior cingulate cortex - what are its main roles? (2)
1. responding to conflicts
2. detecting errors (not necessarily fixing them)
- error potentials may originate here
44
social-emotional brain: what is an emotion?
- a state associated with stimuli that are rewarding (i.e. that one works to obtain) or punishing (i.e. that one works to avoid)
- survival or reproductive value / given priority over other types of body responses
[more attention
more memory
action preparation]
45
social-emotional brain: what are 4 defining characteristics of emotions?
1. hedonic value (liked or disliked)
2. associated w an INTERNAL feeling state (ex. heart rate, sweat)
3. associated w an EXTERNAL motor outcome (face and body)
4. trigger cog (ex. increased attn) and action responses (ex. fight or flight)
46
social-emotional brain: emotions - what is the James-Lange theory (1884)?
- suggests that emotions are changes to body signals (ex. face expression, <3 rate, BP) that are consciously reported as emotions
47
social-emotional brain: emotions - what is the Cannon-Bard theory?
- suggests emotions are a brain / executive decision/distinction --> body signals follow
- supported bc ppl can be injected with adrenaline and not report feeling "aroused" "excited" etc.
48
social-emotional brain: emotions - what is the Schacter & Singer theory?
- suggests that what people feel depends on how they cognitively “appraise” their body states in certain situations
- CONTEXT ES TODO
- ex. ppl injected with adrenaline CAN be aroused, if in the presence of (ex.) an angry person
49
social-emotional brain: emotions - what are Ekman's 6 basic emotions? why are they considered "basic"? (4)
1. fear, anger, joy, sadness, disgust, and surprise
- culturally invariant / occur automatically / correspond to their propio neural basis / developed para lidiar con different survival probs
50
social-emotional brain: emotions - Papez & Maclean / limbic circuit - what brain regions are included? (4)
1. cingulate cortex 2. hippocampus 3. hypothalamus and 4. anterior nucleus of the thalamus
51
social-emotional brain: Adolphs et al. (S.M. amyg damage) - what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?
1. how does damage to amygdala affect id'ing of fear? (patient SM)
2. SM + normal ctrls + 13 subjects with unilateral amygdala
damage
- Gaussian bubbles: 2 at a time, "r they contrasting gender or emotion (happy vs sad)?"
- faces with eyes erased: importance of eyes in id'ing emotions
- eye-tracking task: eye mvments monitored while viewing basic emotion images
3. GB: ctrls required 16.5 bubbled to id emotion / SM required 30 (For fear + happiness) | part 2 - results were comparable
Faces sin ojos: SM did equally bad whether eyes were present or not, her fixations were on mouth, not eyes
Eye track: normals explored the face, fixated on eyes / SM did not systematically fixate on eyes
***OJO!** - when directed to fixate on eyes, fear recog was reversed CONC: amygdala utilizes visual system to id fear
52
social-emotional brain: Feinstein et al. (induced fear) - what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?
1. how does amygdala damage affect fear induction - overt behavioral manifestations of fear / AND fear experience: internal self-reporting?
2. Put into random scary sitches
3. FI: visiting live snakes and spiders, showed no avoidance even b4 reporting dislike / Haunted House Tour: 0 fear rating, never frightened / FI films: no fear response BUT Was able to id that they may be scary to others
CONCL: absence of amygdala --> no ability to feel fear
53
social-emotional brain: Darby et al. (criminal behavior) - what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?
1. focus on pts who exhbit criminal behavior following brain lesions - qué comparten? / are affected brain areas part of a connected network?
2. 17 pts, No criminal behavior prior to brain lesion; lesion net work mapping of brain-damaged ppl across studies
- 2 cohorts
3. All 17 lesions associated with criminality showed functional connectivity to the intraparietal sulcus,
inferior orbitofrontal cortex and ATLs
● 16/17 connected to vmPFC and nucleus accumbens
● 15/17 functionally connected to dorsolateral PFC
CONCL ---> criminality MAY BE assoc w lesions in moral decision-making / theory of mind brain networks
NOT assoc w cog ctrl or empathy
54
social-emotional brain: emotions - Papez & Maclean / limbic circuit - what theory is this an extension of?
- Cannon-Bard (emotions as conscious brain decisions --> body signals change later)
55
social-emotional brain: non-basic emotions - what might they be comprised of? along what 2 dimensions may emotions vary?
- may be comprised of several basic emotions ex. disgust + anger = indignation
- pleasantness + activation (high or low arousal)
56
social-emotional brain: the amygdala - how do lesions affect fear conditioning in mice?
- disrupts fear conditioning (ex. trained to associate sound w electric shock)
- no longer able to LEARN or STORE fear association
- still able to show a fear response to the shock itself
57
social-emotional brain: the amygdala - how do lesions affect fear conditioning in humans? (2)
1. still able to explicitly report associations, though they don't show a fear response to sound necessarily
- show that fear assoc may be stored in MULTIPLE places (hippocampus as well)
2. impairs recognition of fearful facial expressions (and sometimes voices)
58
social-emotional brain: the amygdala and fear conditioning - what does a skin conductance response measure?
- is a measure of autonomic arousal --> used to measure emotional processing
59
social-emotional brain: the amygdala - what organs implicated in the fast route vs slow route?
FAST: thalamus --> amygdala (subcortical)
SLOW: primary vis ctx (V1) --> amygdala (cortical)
60
social-emotional brain: the amygdala - what other functions is it assoc with? (3)
1. id'ing happy faces
2. responding to emotionally intense stimuli (pictures, tastes, smells, sounds)
3. learning associations, reward
61
social-emotional brain: the insula - what emotion and other process is it responsible for showing?
- DISGUSTing
- interoception (k of what's going on internally [heart rate, etc.]
+ taste, pain
62
social-emotional brain: orbifrontal ctx- what functions is it assoc with?
- assessing the value / reward of a STIMULUS in a specific context
ex. eating a chocolate bar when you're craving vs after having eaten 2 already
63
social-emotional brain: orbifrontal ctx- what is extinction/reversal learning? how is it reflected here?
- Learning that a previously rewarded stimulus is no longer rewarded
- shown via graded activation of OFC medially (pleasant) to lateral (unpleasant)
- brain damaged pts don't show reversal learning!
64
social-emotional brain: anterior cingulate ctx- what functions is it assoc with? (2)
1. assessing reward / the value of a RESPONSE in a specific context
2. pain responses (physical, social (social exclusion), viewing others in pain)
65
social-emotional brain: ventral striatum - what structure is it a part of? what functions is it assoc with? (2)
- part of BASAL GANGLIA [nucleus acumbens]
- reward-based learning (the “limbic circuit”) and EXPECTATION Of reward [ex. dopaminergic neurons here will respond GREATER if a person is expecting a reward but no la recibe]
66
social-emotional brain: reading faces - what brain area involved in understanding eye gaze? what pop is impaired in this?
- superior temporal sulcus
| - people with ASD can recognize eye gaze but not interpret what it means
67
social-emotional brain: autism - what is theory of mind? what brain regions is it assoc. with? (3)
- the ability to represent the mental states of others
1. TPJ
2. Temporal poles
3. Medial prefrontal cortex
68
social-emotional brain: autism - what is the broken-mirror theory? what brain characteristics is it assoc. with? (3)
- suggests that social impairments with autism are due to a faulty mirror-neuron system
1. Reduced gray matter in regions comprising the mirror system
2. Less fMRI activity in mirror areas when imitating facial expressions
3. Less “mu” suppression when observing actions.
