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PSY 505 Flashcards

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1
Q

Approach that relies on gathering observations from direct observation and experimentation

component of scientific approach

A

Empirical Approach

component of scientific approach

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2
Q

Being aware of the world around us, making careful measurements, creating adequate operational definitions

component of scientific approach

A

Observation

component of scientific approach

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3
Q

Develop answerable questions, answer through study, implies something that is unknown

component of scientific approach

A

Research Questions

component of scientific approach

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4
Q

An educated and testable guess about the answer to the research question, requires prediction, must be falsifiable

component of scientific approach

A

Hypotheses

component of scientific approach

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5
Q

Conducting study, measure phenomena of study in an accurate and reliable manner

component of scientific approach

A

Studies

component of scientific approach

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6
Q

statistical techniques used to make sense out of data collected, seek to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected

component of scientific approach

A

Analyses

component of scientific approach

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7
Q

Draw conclusions about a study’s results, evaluate statisitcally, based on results

component of scientific approach

A

Conclusions

component of scientific approach

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8
Q

Conducting the same study again to see if the same results are obtained

component of scientific approach

A

Replication

component of scientific approach

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9
Q

defines specific criteria and parameters for a measure

A

Operational Definitions

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10
Q

Prediction that no effects will be found

ex: the new drug will not change level of depression

A

Null hypothesis

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11
Q

Prediction that effects will be found

(experimental hypothesis, the new drug will decrease symptoms of depress

A

Alternative hypothesis

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12
Q

A researcher concluded that there is a difference between the groups being studied when there is not a difference

false positive

A

Type I Error

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13
Q

A researcher concluded that there is no difference between the groups when there is a difference

false negative

A

Type II Error

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14
Q

Different study participants are in each study group

A

Between groups design

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15
Q

The same group of participants are assigned to all study conditions or groups (repeated with same)

A

Within Subjects Design

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16
Q

the variable measured by a researcher

A

Dependent variable

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17
Q

A study condition or treatment that may affect the other variable, manipulated by the researcher

A

Independent Variable

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18
Q

Another variable that can account for changes in the DV

A

Confounding variables

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19
Q

Assigning study participants to groups in such a way that each participant has equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups within the study

A

Random Assignment

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20
Q

Ensure the groups do not differ before you manipulate the IV

A

Equivalence testing

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21
Q

Stages of Literature Review

A

Assemble, Arrange, Assess

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22
Q

A review that uses explicit, systemative methods to collect and synthesize findings of studies that address a clearly formulated question

A

Systematic review

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23
Q

a statistical technique used to synthesize results when study effect estimates and their variances are available, yields quantitative summary of results

A

Meta-analyses

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24
Q

A system to follow that sets the standards for what to report and how to conduct these reviews

A

PRISMA standards

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25
Nonmetric, data vary in kind, attributes, characteristics, categories | (religious affilation, policial affilation, smoking status)
Qualitative Data
26
Metric data, data exist in differing amounts or degrees, reflect relative quantity or distance, explaining amounts or magnitudes | (heights, weight, IQ scores, miles covered)
Quantitative Data
27
Refers only to the names of categories | (Gender, place of birth, marital status, favorite color)
Nominal
28
Refers to numbers that have rank ordering | (winners of a race, ranking students by performance, likert scale)
Ordinal Scale
29
Is a scale with equal units of measure with no true zero point | (degrees of temperature, IQ test)
Interval Scale
30
Is a scale with equal units of measure and with a true zero point | (height of trees, money, weight, time, response rates)
Ratio Scales
31
Consistency or dependability of a measurement
Reliability
32
Test more than once and determine if score change
Test-retest reliability
33
Compare the first half of questions to second half
Split-half reliability
34
Correlation between different forms of same measure
Alternate-form reliability
35
Determine agreement within and between rates
Interrater reliability
36
Use reliable and validated psychological instruments
Formal Testing
37
Self-Report (collect life history, biographical data, qualitative nature of research)
Interview
38
A form of self-report gathered by participants using rating scales
Global Ratings
39
Direct observation of the behavior of the construct of interest
Observation
40
Referred to as physiological or psychophysiological (heart, EEG, biomarkers)
Biological Measures
41
The tallied instance of behavior
Count
42
The tallied instance of behavior in a given period of time
Frequency
43
Count/ Time = , helps to compare different observation durations
Rate
44
A list of responses that may represent a category of interest that can be independetly scored | (steps of morning routine marked as occurred or did not occur)
Discrete categorization
45
Recording of occurrence/nonoccurance of behavior in a period, divided into small intervals , discontinuous measurement system
Interval Recording
46
The amount of time that the response is performed
Duration
47
the amount of time before a response occurs or how long it takes to begin a response | (time to trigger maladaptive behavior)
Latency
48
Refers to extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanations of the results
Internal validity
49
Does the test or measurement strategy measure what it is supposed to?
Validity
50
Hypothesis about effects of other variables accounting for changes in the DV
Plausible rival hypothesis
51
IV may coincide with special or unique events in participants life
History
52
IV may coincide with maturation processes within the person over time
Maturation
53
The researcher's observers might be changing their criteria for behavior gradually over time; instrument might have changed
Instrumentation
54
Changes in DV accounted for by repeated assessment with the IV
Testing
55
Changes in extreme scores toward the "average" score
Statisicial regression
56
Subjects in one group may differ in important ways from subjects in other groups
Selection biases
57
Subjects leaving a study; might lead to selection bias
Attrition
58
Refers to the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized or extended beyond the conditions of the experiment
External Validity
59
Threats to external validity
Generality across settings, generality across behavior change agents, reactive assessment
60
Refers to aspects of quantitative evaluation that affect the accuracy of the conclusions drawn from the results of a study
Statistical/ Data Evaluation Validity
61
DV only measured once - after administering the IV Random Assignment -> IV Level 1 -> observation Random Assignment -> IV Level 2 -> observation
Post -Test Only Randomized Two-Group Design
62
DV measured twice – before and after administering IV, provides baseline data RA  observation --> IV level 1 -> observation RA  observation -> IV level 2 -> observation
Pre and Post -Test Randomized Two-Group Design
63
Check for differnces between groups before IV
Randomization check
64
Provides way to compare data for those completing study versus those not completing study
Attrition analysis
65
Includes some groups with pretest and other groups without pretest, allows determination of effects of pretest on the DV RA -> observation -> IV level 1 -> observation RA -> observation -> IV level 2 -> observation RA -> no observation ->IV level 1->observation RA ->no observation ->IV level 2 ->observation
Solomon Group Design
66
Multiple IVs or factors, allows assessment of multiple IVs in same participants
Factorial Design
67
Two or more IVs combine to produce effects that go above and beyond what either variable can account for alone
Interaction Effects
68
Nonrandom assignment ->IV level 1-> observation Nonrandom assignment -> IV level 2 -> observation
Nonequivalent Comparison- Groups Designs: Post-test only
69
Nonrandom assignment -> observation -> IV level 1 -> observation Nonrandom assignment -> observation -> IV level 2 -> observation
Nonequivalent Comparison- Groups Designs: Pre and Post-test

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