Psy ch 9 prep

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

a stimulus or force that can direct the way we behave, think, and feel

Question 2

Incentive

Answer 2

an association between a behavior and it’s consequence

Question 3

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

a learned behavior is motivated by the incentive of external reinforcers in the environment

Question 4

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 4

learned behaviors are driven by personal satisfaction, interest in a subject matter, and other variables that exist within a person

Question 5

Instincts

Answer 5

complex behaviors that are fixed, unlearned, and consistent within a species

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

refers to the way in which our bodies maintain internal conditions, such as temperature and oxygen levels, at a baseline or constant state through internal controls

Question 7

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 7

suggests that homeostasis is the basis for motivation. not useful for understanding why we buy certain clothes, go to college, or drive cars too fast.

Question 8

Needs and drive

Answer 8

humans have basic needs, if these needs are not met, it creates a drive for it until it is met. Eventually it fades off, and the drive is brought back again.

Question 9

Arousal theory

Answer 9

humans (and perhaps other primates) seek an optimal level of arousal, as not all motivation stems from physical needs. ex/ unexplained urge to make simple changes to your daily routines, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator, eating eggs instead of cereal, or styling your hair differently

Question 10

hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

idea that certain needs take priority over others

Question 11

base of the hierarchy

Answer 11

food, water, sleep, and an overall balance of bodily systems

Question 12

second level in the hierarchy

Answer 12

safety needs

Question 13

Third on hierarchy

Answer 13

love and belongingness needs

Question 14

Fourth on hierarchy

Answer 14

Esteem needs-need to be respected by others, to achieve, and to have self-respect and feelings of independence

Question 15

Fifth on hierarchy

Answer 15

self-actualization, to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming

Question 16

self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 16

suggests that we are born with three universal, fundamental needs that are always driving us in the direction of optimal functioning: competence, relatedness, and autonomy

Question 17

need for achievement (n-Ach)

Answer 17

One of the needs proposed by Henry Murray, drive to reach attainable and challenging goals, especially in the face of competition

Question 18

need for power (n-Pow)

Answer 18

a drive to control and influence others

Question 19

sexuality

Answer 19

a dimension of human nature encompassing everything that makes us sexual beings: sexual activities, attitudes, and behaviors

Question 20

Arousal steps

Answer 20

excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, resolution phase

Question 21

refractory period

Answer 21

post nut when men can’t experience another orgasm

Question 22

fraternal birth order effect

Answer 22

having older brothers in the family seems to be associated with homosexuality in men

Question 23

Sexual dysfunction

Answer 23

a “significant disturbance” in the ability to respond sexually or to gain pleasure from sex

Question 24

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 24

when activated, appetite increases

Question 25

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 25

when activated, appetite declines, causing an animal to stop eating. Disable this region of the brain and the animal will overeat to the point of obesity.

Question 26

Hormones

Answer 26

in hypothalamus, a variety of sensors that react to information about hunger and food intake

Question 27

leptin

Answer 27

hormone that is secreted by fat cells and plays a role in suppressing hunger

Question 28

insulin

Answer 28

hormone that is involved in controlling levels of glucose in the bloodstream

Question 29

set point

Answer 29

there is relatively little fluctuation in adult weight over time. According to one theory, we all tend to maintain a stable weight, or “set point”

Question 30

emotion

Answer 30

a psychological state that includes a subjective or inner experience

Question 31

valence and arousal

Answer 31

Carroll Izard (2007) suggests that we can describe emotions according to valence and arousal.

valence- refers to how pleasant or unpleasant it is

arousal-describes how active, excited, and involved a person is while experiencing the emotion, as opposed to how calm, uninvolved, or passive she may be

Question 32

James–Lange theory of emotion

Answer 32

suggests that a stimulus initiates a physiological reaction (for example, heart pounding, muscles contracting, changes in breathing) and/or a behavioral reaction (crying or striking out) before we feel an emotion

Question 33

Cannon–Bard theory of emotion

Answer 33

suggests that we do not feel emotion as a result of physiological and behavioral reactions; instead, the emotions and the body responses occur simultaneously

Question 34

Schachter–Singer theory of emotion

Answer 34

proposes that the experience of emotion is the result of two factors: (1) physiological arousal, followed by (2) a cognitive label for this physiological state (the arousal)

Question 35

Cognitive appraisal approach

Answer 35

suggests that the appraisal causes an emotional reaction (a person’s evaluative judgment (or appraisal) of a situation, event or object determines or contributes to his or her emotional response to it.)

Question 36

display rules

Answer 36

A culture’s guidelines for when, how, and where an emotion is expressed

Question 37

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 37

facial expressions can impact the experience of emotions