psy exam 3 chapter 6

Question 1

Ivan pavlov

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning (dogs and salivation)

Question 2

John B. Watson

Answer 2

Behaviorism; Little Albert experiment

Question 3

B.F. Skinner

Answer 3

Operant conditioning; Skinner box

Question 4

Albert Bandura

Answer 4

Observational learning; bobo doll experiment

Question 5

US (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Answer 5

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (food)

Question 6

UR (Unconditioned response)

Answer 6

The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation)

Question 7

CS (Conditioned stimulus)

Answer 7

An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (a bell)

Question 8

CR (Conditioned response)

Answer 8

The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (salivation in response to the bell) Also called a learned response.

Question 9

Progression of classical conditioning

Answer 9

US triggers a UR (all natural). A CS is associated with the US, both triggering a UR. The US is removed and the CS is used to triggered the UR (now a CR). When the CS triggers the UR the UR is now called a CR.

Question 10

How is a learned response acquired in classical conditioning?

Answer 10

Its acquired through repeated pairings of the CS (neutral stimulus) with the US (unconditioned stimulus)

Question 11

How is a learned response acquired in operant conditioning.

Answer 11

Its acquired through reinforcement or punishment, which strengthens or weakens the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Question 12

When does extinction occur in classical conditioning?

Answer 12

Extinction occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, leading to a weakening and disappearance of the CR.

Question 13

When does extinction occur in operant conditioning?

Answer 13

Extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in its frequency.

Question 14

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 14

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 15

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 15

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 16

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli to illicit the same conditioned response. (dog responding to sit, but also hit and pit)

Question 17

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 17

The learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and similar stimulus and only respond with the CR to the CS. (dog responding to sit, but not hit, or pit)

Question 18

The Little Albert Study

Answer 18

A controversial experiment by John B Watson demonstrating classical conditioning in humans. Little Albert (a baby) was conditioned to fear a white rat and other animals by pairing the white rat with a loud noise. (The fate of little albert is unknown)

Question 19

Skinner Box

Answer 19

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

Question 20

Cumulative Record

Answer 20

A graphical record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time.

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

Any event that weakens the behavior it follows

Question 23

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 23

Natural, innate reinforcing stimuli, such as those that satisfy biological needs (Food, water, ect)

Question 24

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 24

Stimula that gain their reinforcing ability through their association with primary reinforcers (Money, praise, ect)

Question 25

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 25

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase or strengthen a behavior

Question 26

Negative reinforcement

Answer 26

Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase or strengthen a behavior

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer to the desired behavior.

Question 28

Extinction Burst

Answer 28

A temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of a behavior that occurs when that behavior is no longer reinforced.

Question 29

Discriminative Stimuli

Answer 29

Cues that signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment Ex Doorbell, stimulus for answering the door, people have learned that opening the door after hearing the bell is reinforced by the presence of a visitor.

Question 30

(Schedules of Reinforcement) Continuous

Answer 30

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 31

(Schedules of Reinforcement) FR: Fixed-Ratio

Answer 31

Reinforcing a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 32

(Schedules of Reinforcement) VR: Variable-Ratio

Answer 32

Reinforcing a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 33

(Schedules of Reinforcement) FI: Fixed-Interval

Answer 33

Reinforcing a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Question 34

(Schedules of Reinforcement) VI: Variable-Interval

Answer 34

Reinforcing a response after an unpredictable time interval

Question 35

(Schedules of Reinforcement) Resistance to Extinction

Answer 35

Intermittent (partial) reinforcement schedules (FR, VR, FI, VI) produce greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement.

Question 36

(Schedules of Reinforcement) Fastest Responding

Answer 36

Variable-ratio schedules generally produce the fastest and most consistent responding

Question 37

(Biological Influences on Conditioning) Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 37

A learned aversion to a particular food or taste that has been associated with nausea or illness

Question 38

(Biological Influences on Conditioning) Preparedness & phobias

Answer 38

We are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations (like fear or snakes and spiders) more easily than others due to their evolutionary significance.

Question 39

(Biological Influences on Conditioning) Instinctive drift

Answer 39

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

Question 40

Cognitive influences (Tolman study on latent learning)

Answer 40

Demonstrated that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement and may remain hidden until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 41

Observational Learning (Banduras bobo doll study & media violence research conclusion)

Answer 41

Study: children learned aggressive behaviors by observing adults acting aggressively towards a bobo doll Media violence: Exposure to media violence can contribute to increased aggression in children

Question 42

How advertisers use classical conditioning:

Answer 42

Advertisers pair their products (CS) with positive stimuli like attractive people, catchy music, or happy scenes (US) to elicit positive emotions towards their products (CR).