Psy Gen Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Who developed the template-matching theory of perception?
A
Selfridge
2
Q
What does feature detection theory suggest?
A
Perception relies on detecting key features.
3
Q
Who created the Pandemonium model of pattern recognition?
A
Selfridge
4
Q
What is the Pandemonium model?
A
A hierarchy of feature detectors.
5
Q
Who proposed the Recognition-by-components theory?
A
Biederman
6
Q
What are geons?
A
Basic 3D shapes used for object recognition.
7
Q
What does the Gestalt principle of proximity state?
A
Objects near each other are grouped.
8
Q
Who are the founders of Gestalt psychology?
A
Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler
9
Q
What does the closure principle suggest?
A
We fill in gaps in visual stimuli.
10
Q
Who studied the phi phenomenon?
A
Wertheimer
11
Q
What is the phi phenomenon?
A
Perceived motion from stationary images.
12
Q
What is inattentional blindness?
A
Missing visible objects when attention is elsewhere.
13
Q
Who demonstrated change blindness with visual scenes?
A
Simons and Levin
14
Q
Who proposed the filter theory of attention?
A
Broadbent
15
Q
What does Broadbent’s filter model suggest?
A
Only attended info is processed.
16
Q
Who developed the attenuation theory of attention?
A
Treisman
17
Q
What is Treisman’s attenuation theory?
A
Unattended input is weakened, not blocked.
18
Q
Who proposed the spotlight metaphor of attention?
A
Posner
19
Q
What is Posner’s cueing task?
A
Attention enhances processing at cued locations.
20
Q
Who created the feature integration theory?
A
Treisman
21
Q
What does feature integration theory state?
A
Attention binds features into objects.
22
Q
What is the cocktail party effect?
A
Hearing your name in noisy settings.
23
Q
Who coined the term ‘cocktail party effect’?
A
Cherry
24
Q
Who studied visual search tasks?
A
Treisman
25
What is the pop-out effect?
Target jumps out due to unique feature.
26
Who developed the dichotic listening task?
Cherry
27
What is dichotic listening?
Used to study selective auditory attention.
28
What is sensory adaptation?
Reduced sensitivity to constant stimulation.
29
Who proposed the law of Prägnanz?
Gestalt psychologists
30
What does the law of Prägnanz state?
Perceive the simplest pattern possible.
31
Who studied perception in chimpanzees?
Köhler
32
Who created the multi-store model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
33
What are the components of the multi-store model?
Sensory, short-term, long-term memory.
34
Who studied sensory memory capacity?
Sperling
35
Who developed the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch
36
What is the phonological loop?
Stores verbal information briefly.
37
What does the visuospatial sketchpad hold?
Visual and spatial data.
38
What is the role of the central executive?
Directs attention and coordinates subsystems.
39
What is the episodic buffer?
Integrates information across domains.
40
Who studied STM duration?
Peterson & Peterson
41
What is the STM duration without rehearsal?
About 15-30 seconds.
42
What is Miller's STM capacity?
7±2 items.
43
What is chunking?
Grouping info to enhance memory capacity.
44
Who discovered the serial position effect?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
45
What is the primacy effect?
Better recall of early list items.
46
What is the recency effect?
Better recall of latest items.
47
Who researched levels of processing?
Craik and Lockhart
48
What did Craik and Tulving find?
Deeper processing improves memory.
49
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Linking new info to existing knowledge.
50
Who developed the self-reference effect?
Rogers et al.
51
What is the self-reference effect?
Better memory for info related to self.
52
Who studied encoding specificity?
Tulving
53
What is encoding specificity?
Memory improves with matching contexts.
54
What is state-dependent memory?
Recall improves when internal states match.
55
Who proposed context-dependent memory?
Godden and Baddeley
56
What was the result of Godden and Baddeley's study?
Divers remembered better in matching environments.
57
Who studied schemas in memory?
Bartlett
58
What is Bartlett's 'War of the Ghosts' about?
Memory is reconstructed by schemas.
59
What is proactive interference?
Old info disrupts new learning.
60
What is retroactive interference?
New info disrupts old memory.
61
What is consolidation in memory?
Stabilizing memory after encoding.
62
Who is considered the father of classical conditioning?
Pavlov
63
What was Pavlov's discovery?
Association of stimuli through salivation.
64
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Naturally triggers a response.
65
What is a conditioned stimulus?
Learned trigger after association.
66
Who studied operant conditioning?
Skinner
67
What is Skinner's invention?
Invented Skinner box.
68
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a reward to increase behavior.
69
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.
70
What is positive punishment?
Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior.
71
What is negative punishment?
Taking away something desirable.
72
Who developed the law of effect?
Thorndike
73
What does the law of effect state?
Behaviors followed by good outcomes are repeated.
74
What is shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations.
75
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reward every time behavior occurs.
76
What is a variable ratio schedule?
Reinforcement after unpredictable number of responses.
77
What is a fixed interval schedule?
Reward after set amount of time.
78
Who studied latent learning in rats?
Tolman
79
What is latent learning?
Learning without visible behavior until incentive.
80
Who proposed the concept of cognitive map?
Tolman
81
What is observational learning?
Learning by watching others.
82
Who developed social learning theory?
Bandura
83
What was Bandura's famous experiment?
Bobo doll experiment.
84
What was the result of the Bobo doll study?
Children imitate aggressive models.
85
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning through observing others being rewarded.
86
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Conditioned response fades over time.
87
What is spontaneous recovery?
Reappearance of conditioned response after extinction.
88
What is stimulus generalization?
Responding to similar stimuli.
89
What is stimulus discrimination?
Differentiating between similar stimuli.
90
What is habituation?
Decreased response to repeated stimulus.
91
What is learned helplessness?
Passive behavior after repeated failure.
92
What is a concept?
Mental grouping of similar items.
93
What is a prototype?
Best example of a category.
94
What is an algorithm?
Step-by-step method to solve a problem.
95
What is a heuristic?
Simple rule-of-thumb for decisions.
96
What is the availability heuristic?
Judging likelihood by ease of recall.
97
What is the representativeness heuristic?
Judging by how well it matches prototype.
98
What is functional fixedness?
Inability to see objects used in new ways.
99
What is confirmation bias?
Focusing on info that confirms beliefs.
100
What is a mental set?
Tendency to approach problems in familiar way.
101
Who proposed the stages of problem solving?
Newell and Simon
102
What is insight?
Sudden realization of solution.
103
What is the incubation effect?
Stepping away improves problem solving.
104
What is overconfidence bias?
Overestimating one's knowledge or accuracy.
105
What is belief perseverance?
Sticking to beliefs despite contrary evidence.
106
What is the framing effect?
Decision influenced by how info is presented.
107
What is language?
Structured system for communication.
108
What is a phoneme?
Smallest sound unit.
109
What is a morpheme?
Smallest unit of meaning.
110
What is syntax?
Rules for word order.
111
What is semantics?
Rules for meaning.
112
Who developed the theory of universal grammar?
Chomsky
113
What is the critical period hypothesis?
Best time early in life to learn language.
114
What was Skinner's language proposal?
Learned through reinforcement.
115
What did Chomsky argue?
Innate language acquisition device.
116
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Language influences thought.
117
What is linguistic determinism?
Strong version of Sapir-Whorf.
118
What is linguistic relativity?
Language subtly shapes thinking.
119
Who studied ape language acquisition?
Gardner and Gardner
120
What did Washoe use?
Sign language.
121
Who developed the first intelligence test?
Binet
122
What did Binet's test measure?
Mental age.
123
Who revised Binet's test into the Stanford-Binet?
Terman
124
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence quotient.
125
How is IQ calculated?
(Mental age / Chronological age) x 100
126
What is the WAIS test?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
127
Who developed the WAIS and WISC?
Wechsler
128
What is Spearman's g factor?
General intelligence.
129
What is factor analysis?
Identifies clusters of related items.
130
Who proposed primary mental abilities?
Thurstone
131
How many distinct mental abilities did Thurstone identify?
7 distinct mental abilities.
132
Who proposed fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Cattell
133
What is fluid intelligence?
Solving new problems quickly.
134
What is crystallized intelligence?
Accumulated knowledge.
135
Who created the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Sternberg
136
What are Sternberg's three intelligences?
Analytical, creative, practical.
137
Who proposed multiple intelligences?
Gardner
138
How many types of intelligences did Gardner propose?
8 or 9 types.
139
What is emotional intelligence?
Understanding and managing emotions.
140
Who popularized emotional intelligence?
Goleman
141
What is standardization in testing?
Uniform procedures and norms.
142
What is reliability?
Consistency of results.
143
What is validity?
Measures what it claims to measure.
144
What is predictive validity?
Success in future performance.
145
What is content validity?
Test covers the subject fully.
146
What is the Flynn effect?
Rising IQ scores over generations.
147
What do twin studies show?
Heritability of intelligence.
148
What is stereotype threat?
Fear of confirming negative stereotype.
149
Who studied stereotype threat?
Steele and Aronson
