PSY1003 WEEK 4

Question 1

explain trepanning (when, why, what

Answer 1

6500 BC, demonic possession, release spirits and also exorcisms

Question 2

give a modern day example of a community which still believe in demonic possession for mental illness

Answer 2

(Uganda) Cen - ghost of dead visits individual and replaces identity
however, more common in ex-child soldiers (related to trauma response)

Question 3

what was Hippocrates approach to mental disorder

Answer 3

460-377 BC = black, yellow bile, phlegm and blood

Question 4

what was Burton’s 1621 approach to mental illness book detailing

Answer 4

“Anatomy Of Melancholy” describing poverty, fear and solitude as causes of melancholy

Question 5

explain Kraeplin’s approach with mental illness (1883)

Answer 5

classification system of mental disorders and exogenous and endogenous

Question 6

define psychopathology

Answer 6

the in-depth study of mental health problems

Question 7

define clinical psychology

Answer 7

the branch of psychology which is responsible for understanding and treating psychopathology

Question 8

what is the primary approach for the biological/medical model

Answer 8

identification of psychopathological causes to treat them with medication or surgery

Question 9

give some examples of the biological approach (factors)

Answer 9

genetic vulnerability
neurochemical dsyfunction (serotonin + dopamine)
congenital risk factors (pregnancy infection)
environmental stress: HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal) axis stress response
acquired lesions to brain structures

Question 10

what are the 4 models in the psychological approach to explain psychopathology

Answer 10

psychoanalytic model (Freud)
behavioural theory (Skinner)
humanistic-existential approach (Rogers)
cognitive model (Ellis)

Question 11

what does the psychoanalytic model believe psychopathology is caused by

Answer 11

unconscious processes - not progressing through developmental stages, denial, repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalisation, displacement, sublimation

Question 12

define reaction formation (psychoanalytic model)

Answer 12

doing or thinking opposite of how you feel (eg: when angry at boss, may go out of way to be kind)

Question 13

define projection (psychoanalytic model)

Answer 13

assigning unwanted impulse to someone (eg: unfaithful husband jealous of wife may think she is always cheating)

Question 14

define displacement (psychoanalytic model)

Answer 14

moving impulse from target object to other

Question 15

define rationalisation (psychoanalytic model)

Answer 15

finding rational explanation for something you did wrong

Question 16

define sublimation (psychoanalytic model)

Answer 16

transforming impulses into something constructive

Question 17

what were the initial goals of the psychoanalytic model

Answer 17

find causes of hysteria and spontaneous paralysis, use of hypnosis to help client discuss trauma and later psychoanalysis

Question 18

what influence has psychoanalytic model had

Answer 18

talking therapies
2010 = 18% modern practicing clinical psychologists are psychodynamic
brought notion of origin in early experiences, not always a biological cause
suggestions of defence mechanisms

Question 19

what are issues with psychoanalytic model

Answer 19

cannot observe or measure, no objective research, lacking evidence

Question 20

outline behavioural theory for psychopathology

Answer 20

learnt via classical and operant conditioning
a learning theory meaning dysfunctional behaviours (just like adaptive behaviours) can be acquried via learning
classical = emotional disorders (anxiety, phobia) associate phobic stimuli with trauma
operant = acquisit and maintain substance depenency, self-harming, disruptive and challenging behaviours

Question 21

in humanistic-existential approach, what is positively developed and encouraged when treating psychopatholog

Answer 21

acquire self-awareness, develop value and sense of meaning for life, search for freedom of choice

Question 22

outline client-centred therapy (humanistic-existential approach)

Answer 22

humans inherintly good, if unrestricted by fear and conflict then will develop as happy and well-adjusted, create supportive atmosphere in therapy to allow positive self-worth, empathy, unconditional positive regard

Question 23

give positives of humanistic-existential approach

Answer 23

doesn’t place emphasis on how acquire disorder, but how to treat + move on

Question 24

what are the research findings for humanistic-existential effectiveness

Answer 24

some controlled studies indicate client fair no better than in non-therapeutic treatment however others find significant effectiveness over 5-years compared to a wait list control condition

Question 25

explain the cognitive model for psychopatholoy explainations (Ellis and Beck)

Answer 25

emotional distress is caused primarily by development of irrational and dysfunctional beliefs used to judge self-behaviour resulting in distress

Question 26

what treatment comes from cognitive model, and give some applications to disorders

Answer 26

CBT - highly successful, based on idea that depression is result of negative beliefs on self, world and future applied to Sz paranoid thinking, antisocial and impulsive behaviour in personality disorders

Question 27

give a limitation of cognitive model

Answer 27

are dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs a symptom of psychopathology, not a cause

Question 28

what the 3 aspects of biopsychosocial model?

Answer 28

biological: genetic, gender, NT, brain lesions, physical illness social: social network, interpersonal events, social opportunities, norms, ethnicity, culture psycho: goals, coping skills, cognitive processes, learned behaviours, beliefs and attitudes

Question 29

what is a token economy (+ evaluation)

Answer 29

using operant conditioning to learn desired self-helping social behaviours declined in modern day due to legal/ethical issues of withholding desired materials and events lacks of consensus on effectiveness

Question 30

what was the treatment approach pre 19th century

Answer 30

no government response meaning privately funded asylum, combat moral degeneration, social weakness and treating individuals like animals

Question 31

what are milieu therapies

Answer 31

therapeutic community on ward to develop productivity, responsibility and self-respect led to sooner discharge and less chance of relapses

Question 32

what was the quaker movement of 'moral treatment'

Answer 32

removed shackles, mentally ill patients treated as sick, favouring hope and understanding, moral responsibility, occupational therapy

Question 33

why is life-long hospitalisation not viable

Answer 33

economic issues, not an environment for patients improvement, social breakdown syndrome

Question 34

evaluate defining an individuals psychopathology

Answer 34

context is important as this can impact whether normal or abnormal disposition (personality, style choice) where do we draw the line what is normal? how can we define

Question 35

what are the 4 approaches of psychopathology defining

Answer 35

statistical, normative, functional, distress-based

Question 36

outline deviation from statistical norms as method for defining psychopathology

Answer 36

having an attribute or displaying behaviour deviating substantially from statistical norm (uses graph)

Question 37

give one strength of deviation from statistical norm

Answer 37

can be applied to low IQ>70, offers objectivity and measurability

Question 38

what are issues with deviation from statistical norms

Answer 38

measurement error- variation in questionnaire results regression to mean- seeks treatment at breaking point, then after treatment regresses to mean extreme values do not always imply extreme problems where is the cut off diagnostic categorisation not always helpful high IQ is abnormal but okay

Question 39

outline deviation from social and political norms as method for defining psychopathology

Answer 39

based on assumption that socially acceptable behaviour represents adaptive ways of being, deviating from social norm is viewed as an abnormality

Question 40

give weaknesses of deviation from social norm

Answer 40

intolerance of individual differences norms are socially constructed and arbitrary can lead to power abusing

Question 41

outline a functional approach (maladaptive behaviour and harmful dysfunction) as a method for defining psychopathology

Answer 41

based on notion that someone unable to function may be maladapted/impaired DSM-5 include social, occupational and educational functioning in diagnostic behaviour can threat self or others healthi

Question 42

give some issues of maladaptive behaviour (functional approach to definition)

Answer 42

assumes universal need based on individualistic world view tends to expect conformity with societal expectations some behaviours are maladaptive but are not illness (terrorism - harmful however not MHI) some forms of psychopathology not representative for maladaptive behaviour as serve protective or adaptive functions (water phobias)

Question 43

outline distress-based approach as method for defining psychopathology

Answer 43

based on individuals distress or inability to cope with experience/problem. not based on conformity to societal norm, but own perspective on what is normal or not common diagnostic criteria is 'clinical significant distress and impairement in social, academic, ocupation function'

Question 44

give strengths of a distress-based approach to defining

Answer 44

gathered from interview and ask individual how they feel about their own mental health not in comparison to others, allows individual judgement of normality judge mental health on their coping skills, not on contribution to society, violation of social norm, dispositional choice

Question 45

give weaknesses of distress-based approach of defining

Answer 45

lack of insight into nature of problems - severe mental health difficulty, child highly subjective risk of 'medicalising' normal reactions to adverse circumstances

Question 46

what did deinstitutionalisation cause

Answer 46

in 1990 progressive recovery approach emphasis on restoring dignity, autonomy, opportunity, social inclusion in recovery

Question 47

define stigma

Answer 47

negative or unfair attitudes or beliefs about mental health problems

Question 48

define social stigma

Answer 48

prejudicial attitudes and discriminating behaviour directed towards individuals with mental health problems as a result of psychiatric labels they have been given

Question 49

define internalised stigma

Answer 49

self stigma by mental health sufferer, affecting feelings of shame, lead to poorer treatment outcome

Question 50

define associative stigma

Answer 50

prejudice and discrimination experienced by families because of their relationship with the person with mental health problems

Question 51

who can hold stigmatising belief

Answer 51

1,700 adults in UK believe mentally ill dangerous, regardless of knowing someone with a MHI, and stigma directed at young person can be from teacher, family, peers