PSY1004 WEEK 6

Question 1

name 5 of the components of emotion

Answer 1

1. physiological factors (HR, BR)
2. subjective feelings (linked to emotion)
3. cognitions and perceptions (associated with emotion)
4. expressive behaviour (outward expression of emotional state)
5. desire to take action (fight-or-flight)

Question 2

explain action tendency for disgust

Answer 2

forwards action, active rejection of thing that caused disgust

Question 3

explain action tendency for fear

Answer 3

forward action. fight or flight response, maintaining self-preservation

Question 4

explain action tendency for anger

Answer 4

forward movement, eliminating obstacles to goal

Question 5

explain action tendency for sadness

Answer 5

backwards action, disengagement and withdrawal

Question 6

explain action tendency for shame

Answer 6

backwards action. withdrawal, avoiding others and hideexplain action tendency for

Question 7

explain action tendency for guilt

Answer 7

forward action. movement to make amends, to inform others or punish self

Question 8

when do smiles tend to emerge in infants

Answer 8

0-4 weeks: fleeting smiles in REM (reflexive)
3-8 weeks: smile in reaction to external stimulus (touch, high pitched voice)
3 months: social smiling

Question 9

explain when social smiling emerges

Answer 9

3 months: more likely to smile at people than puppet
7 months: smiles primarily at familiar people to prolong social interaction with PCG, strenthening bond
toward end of first year: laugh at suprising and unexpected events

Question 10

what is the first negative emotion expressed

Answer 10

probably generalised distress but difficult to test as infants experience distress when not expected

Question 11

explain emergence of fear

Answer 11

4 months: wary of unfamiliar object/event, not people
6-7months: observed when with strangers
7months: fears shown to stimuli like loud noises but probably adaptive as cannot escape, so is tool for attracting attention, getting help
8 months: distress at being away from PCG
8-15months: separation anxiety
2+ years: increased stranger fear, depending on temperament

Question 12

explain emergence of anger

Answer 12

1 year: toward others, increasing up to 16months
2 years: toddlers gain control over environment, so common when their control is taken away. declines due to better language and self-regulation

Question 13

what self-conscious emotion can be seen aged 2

Answer 13

guilt, pride, shame, embarrassment

Question 14

why do we think children develop self-conscious emotions at 2

Answer 14

develop their sense of self and emotions fostered through children’s growing awareness of what others expect of them

Question 15

define guilt

Answer 15

remorse and regret about action, desire to undo damage

Question 16

define shame

Answer 16

focused on oneself - feeling exposed and wanting to hide

Question 17

explain study into infants self-conscious emotions (Barret et al, 1993)

Answer 17

2 years play with rigged doll, leg fall off when researcher leaves room
some indicated shame: avoided returning experimentor or telling them about the doll
some indicated guilt: attempted repair, told researcher

individual difference relating to parenting style

Question 18

give study into parenting styles on emergence of self-conscious emotion (Hoffman)

Answer 18

more likely to show shame when parent emphasises child bad
more likely to show guilt when parent emphasises badness and impact of behaviours on other

Question 19

what did Darwin believe on emotion

Answer 19

facial expressions in basic emotion is innate, universal and prevalent in infant

Question 20

explain discrete emotion theory (innate emotion)

Answer 20

each emotion innately has specific set of physical and facial expressions so easily can be differentiated early on
infants show expression that represent basic emotions (happy, suprise, interest) and complex (guilt, pride)

Question 21

what are cross-cultural evidence for adults intepretations of infant expression

Answer 21

Ekman & Friesen = New Guinea matched emotional contexts to expression (photos of westerners). easily paired happy, anger, disgust and sadness but struggled with suprise and fear suggesting humans understanding of conveyed emotion through expression is universal but not necessarily innate as cultures can learn about facial expressions from copying those around them

Question 22

can infants empathise with others? explain Field (include social referencing and visual cliff paradigm)

Answer 22

adults judged emotional expression of infants copying adult
social referencing= looks to PGC to gain info about what they should do
visual cliff paradigm- mothers looking fearful meant no infants crossed cliff

Question 23

briefly outline idea that emotion is not innate

Answer 23

emotions are not distinct from one another at start of life, environment plays large role in expression of emotions

Question 24

explain 3 basic affect system theory - Sroufe, 1995 (emotions not innate)

Answer 24

1. joy/pleasure
2. anger/frustration
3. wariness/fear

developmental changes to system from primitive to advanced during first few year
fear initially is startle reaction then becomes present in novel situation due to expanded social experience

Question 25

explain functionalist approach- Campos et al, 1994 (emotions not innate)

Answer 25

1. basic function of emotions promote action toward achieving goals in context 2. emotional reactions are affected by social goals including involved other and also values learnt. we need interaction to develop specific emotion shame/guilt associated with standards set by caregivers

Question 26

define emotion regulation

Answer 26

adjusting one's emotional state to suitable intensity level, preventing emotional overload and allowing one to function in a consistent manenr

Question 27

explain emotion regulational development in children

Answer 27

age 3 able to control expression of mild negative emotion understand true emotions can be hidden or attenuated at young age due to this being mentioned in children's general socialisation encouraged to not voice emotion (less able to deceive someone of pleasant feelings compared to unpleasant feelings) age 5 have learnt generally positive emotions can be socially undesirable (showing off) so hide pridwe

Question 28

apply emotion regulation to marshmellow task

Answer 28

those who did better had better self-regulation strategy eg: singing, talking, trying to sleep

Question 29

why is a childs emotional regulation important

Answer 29

better interaction with other, well-adjusted, well-liked by peers do better in school, likely as can pay attention, behave better and better liked by teachers and peers fosters social competence

Question 30

what does a childs ability to manage frustrations and emotions predict

Answer 30

later social competence and adjustment, anxiety levels, success as adults (predict more than IQ does)

Question 31

outline Zimber-Gembeck and Skinner 3 developmental stages of emotion regulation

Answer 31

1. from caregiver dependent regulation to self-regulation 2. cognitive strategies, problem solving to control negative emotions 3. selection of appropriate strategy

Question 32

explain how caregivers may regulate child

Answer 32

soothe and distract, rocking, talking soothingly

Question 33

what ages does child show signs of self-regulating (Zimber-Gembeck and Skinner 3 developmental emotion regulation stages)

Answer 33

6months: show sign of rudimentary self-regulation in adversely arousing or uncertain situations. reduce distress through averting gaze, self-soothing (made possible by control developments in attention and movement) 6+ months: develop and improve ability to distract self by playing on own, due to rapid cognitive developments in language, attention and inhibitory control

Question 34

how does language development aid emotional regulation

Answer 34

able to distract self and plays on own due to rapid cognitive developments in language, attention and inhibitory control, and able to negotiate with parents than engaging in emotional outbursts

Question 35

how do children use cognitive strategies and problem solving in emotion regulation (Zimber-Gembeck and Skinner 3 developmental emotional regulation stages)

Answer 35

behavioural emotion regulation like thumb sucking later, use cognitive emotion regulation strategies and problem solving such as rethinking goal and adapt to unpleasant situation)

Question 36

explain development of strategies selection in child allows emotional regulation (Zimber-Gembeck and Skinner 3 developmental stages)

Answer 36

improves ability to select cognitive or behavioural strategies appropriate to situation due to development in planning and problem solving across middle childhood and adolescence able to tell between controllable and uncontrollable stressors eg: homework vs parents arguing

Question 37

what are contributing factors to childs development of emotion regulation and emotional understanding?

Answer 37

- quality of family interaction - more likely to understand relation between false belief and emotion if mothers focused on mental characteristics when describing them

Question 38

define temperament

Answer 38

person's emotional and attentional reactivity, and self-regulation that show consistency across situations and stability over time

Question 39

name the 6 aspects to temperament

Answer 39

1. fearful distress/inhibition: distress and withdrawal in new situations 2. irritable distress: fussiness, anger and frustration, especially if child doesn't get what they want 3. attention span/persistence: duration toward object of interest 4. activity level 5. positive affect/approach (smiling, laughing) 6. rhythmicity: regularity and predictability of routines such as sleeping

Question 40

what is a nature view to temperament

Answer 40

it is hereditary - identical twins more similar temperament than non (Rashbash et al, 2011)

Question 41

what is a nurture view to temperament

Answer 41

extreme environmental stressors (negative parenting, stress etc) link to emotion regulation

Question 42

can infants understand emotion? (Grossman, 2010)

Answer 42

used peer-checked data sets, photos of faces displaying specific emotion, check with others that faces are displaying correct emotion can recognise positives/negative emotion early on 3 months = able to distinguish between happy, surprised and angry faces 7 months can distinguish sadness, fear, interest

Question 43

name a physiological measure of studying temperament

Answer 43

measuring cortisol reactivity in response to stress high negative emotionality and poorer emotion regulation show larger increases in cortisol level

Question 44

evaluate physiological measures of studying temperament

Answer 44

data is objective hard to tell if is cause or consequence of temperament in the given situation

Question 45

explain how questionnaires are used for temperament measurement (and evaluate)

Answer 45

ask parents as extensive knowledge of child in many situations however are not object, no comparison of other childrens behaviours

Question 46

evaluate using lab measures to measure temperament

Answer 46

objective data so less bias however behaviour only measured in limited set of circumstances so could reflect mood on day