PSY2003 S2 W4 Childhood and Ado Psychological Problem 2

Question 1

What is conduct disorer?

Answer 1

formerly known as externalising disorders, first in DSM 4 (2000). Bullying, threatening, cruelty, destroy property, breaking buildings, lying, shopping lifting, have to cause impairment in functioning. If you are over 15 you are more likely to get anti-social personality.

Question 2

What is conduct disorder in children?

Answer 2

Child Conduct Disorder before 10

Question 3

What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Answer 3

Milder form of Conduct Disorder
Angry and irritable mood [often/easily loses temper, often angry/resentful etc.]
Argumentative and defiant behaviour [often argues with adults/people w/ authority, defies or refuses to comply w/ adult’s requests/rule, deliberately annoys/upsets people etc.]
Vindictiveness [often spiteful/vindictive, shown spiteful/vindictive behaviour at least twice in the past 6m]

Question 4

What are callous and unemotional (CU) traits?

Answer 4

distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, and also a lack of empathy and generally deficient affect.

Question 5

What distinct problems do children with CU traits have?

Answer 5

have distinct problems in emotional and behavioral regulation that distinguish them from other antisocial youth and show more similarity to characteristics found in adult psychopathy

Antisocial youth with CU traits tend to have a range of distinctive cognitive characteristics. They are often less sensitive to punishment cues, particularly when they are already keen for a reward.

Question 6

What are CU traits positively related to?

Answer 6

intellectual skills in the verbal realm.

Question 7

Summary

What is conduct disorder ?

Answer 7

Long term and chronic.
Aggressive impulsive, difficulty with law, disregard for rules and authority.
At risk of carrying difficulties into adult life.
Often have difficulty in school, employment, relationship.
Which is why it is key to have early interventions

Question 8

What is the worldwide insidious of conduct disorder?

Answer 8

1-2% 2-2.5% wordwide

Question 9

a

What is the hereditability of conduct disorder?

Answer 9

Between 5-74% heritability

Question 10

What is comorbid with conduct disorder?

Answer 10

ADHD

Question 11

What is the heritability of conduct disorder with CU traits?

Answer 11

45-67%

Question 12

What could give rise to diagnosis?

Answer 12

32000 symptom profiles

Question 13

What are some risk factors for conduct disorder?

Answer 13

Environment Risk Factor
Dispositional Risk Factors

Question 14

What is a dispensational risk factor for conduct disorder?

Answer 14

Genetric Factor: Automatic, Neurocognitive, Social information processing, temperament, personality tratis

Question 15

What is a environmental risk factor for conduct disorder?

Answer 15

Maternal Factor: Smoking, Alcohol, Drug use, Stress
=> Birth complication, Maternal or paternal psychopathology malnutrition
Familial: Harsh and inconsistent discipline, Parent-child conflict, Maltreatment, Low socio-economic status and poverty
Extra-familial: Community violence, Association with deviant peers.

Question 16

What is the genetic influences on CD?

Answer 16

Genetic disposition which ends up matching what you get in the environment.
a- Passive gene-envrionemnt correlation
b-Active gene-envionrment correlation
c- Evocative gene-envionrment correlation

Question 17

What is passive gene-enviornment correlation?

Answer 17

Mother has the genes for smoking, the mothers’ smokes, the child is born, the child has the predisposition for smoking and the child wants to smoke and smokes. Genes might make you more at risk of smoking.

Question 18

What is active gene environment correlation?

Answer 18

We have a predisposition in something, and we seek out that environment, seeking out anti-social peer group. Activity sort out that environment.

Question 19

What is evocative gene-environment correlation?

Answer 19

Predisposition towards personality traits, which makes people interact with you in a specific manner.

Question 20

What is Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS)?

Answer 20

an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait.

Question 21

What does GWAS typically focus on?

Answer 21

GWASs typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits like major human diseases but can equally be applied to any other genetic variants and any other organisms.

Question 22

How are GWAS applied to human data?

Answer 22

When applied to human data, GWA studies compare the DNA of participants having varying phenotypes for a particular trait or disease.

These participants may be people with a disease (cases) and similar people without the disease (controls),

Question 23

What is the phenotype first approach?

Answer 23

the participants are classified first by their clinical manifestation(s), as opposed to genotype-first. Each person gives a sample of DNA, from which millions of genetic variants are read using SNP arrays. If one type of the variant (one allele) is more frequent in people with the disease, the variant is said to be associated with the disease. The associated SNPs are then considered to mark a region of the human genome that may influence the risk of disease

Question 24

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism?

Answer 24

The upper DNA molecule differs from the lower DNA molecule at a single base-pair location (a C/A polymorphism)

Question 25

What is the RBFOX1?

Answer 25

Fox-1 homolog A, also known as ataxin 2-binding protein 1 (A2BP1) or hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 1 (HRNBP1) or RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (Rbfox1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBFOX1 gene

Question 26

Which genes are involved with CD?

Answer 26

* RBFOX1 – development – neurodevelopment * GABRA2 – gaba, inhibitory * SLAC6A4 – serotonin transporter * Oxytocin receptor OXTR * C1QTNF7 – glucose metabolism and insulin signalling. – hangry – problem with insulin drop you get angry you need to get food

Question 27

What is Mono Amine Oxidase (MOA)?

Answer 27

is an enzyme that breaks down monamine neurotransmitters. An enzyme is protein, proteins are made by genes There are different form of the MAO gene. MAO – L (low) is less active . If you had the low form the MAO is less active, less breakdown so more MAO in the synapse.

Question 28

How is nonrecognition affected by Conduct disorder?

Answer 28

Verbal IQ, working memory, executive function, emotion recognition, they are often less sensitive to punishment cues, particularly when they are already keen for a reward overly sensitive to reward.

Question 29

What MAOA genotype form makes your amygdala i overactive compared to the standard gene?

Answer 29

low/ long form compared to standard

Question 30

What is the hostile attributional bais?

Answer 30

The tendency of individuals to interpret not only ambiguous cues as signalling hostility, but also many cues that are generated with benign intentions.

Question 31

What is an overactive amygdala?

Answer 31

Over active amygdala you might be depression but why might you not be depressed by have the hostility gene. Low form of the gene related to CD, the frontal cortex is lighting up when we see threatening faces, lets have a think about it not really I’ll have a bit of Frontal cortex and can turn it on.

Question 32

What is the reward system in conduct disorder?

Answer 32

Not responding to punishment or negative cues can show disorders of conduct. Fred/Myles was not less reactive to punishment. They were not insensitive to punishment. Overly sensitive to punishment cue, insensitive to reward.

Question 33

What is psychosocial intervention for CD without LPE in early to middle childhood?

Answer 33

social learning theory based parent training

Question 34

What is a psychosocial intervention for CD without LPE in late childhood and adolescence?

Answer 34

Social learning theory based parent training and child skill training

Question 35

What is a psychosocial intervention for CD with LPE in late childhood and adolescence?

Answer 35

Social learning theory based prent training focusing on parental warmth: general child skills training with additional skillls training focusing on empathy

Question 36

What is a psychosocial intervention for CD with LPE in early middle childhood?

Answer 36

social learning theory based parent training with additional training focusing on parental warmth: child skills training focusing on empathy

Question 37

What are some treatments for Conduct disorders

Answer 37

Pharmacological therapies: stimulants (ritalin), antipsychotics Other therapies: bootcamp

Question 38

What did Fairchild et al. 2019 find? | Reading

Answer 38

Conduct disorder is associated with an exceptionally high societal and economic burden, accounting for ~1% of all years lived with disability and surpassing autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in this measure of global health burden. CD often emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by behaviours that violate the rights of others, such as physical aggression towards people or animals, theft, property damage and rule violations. Common problems that occur with CD = psychiatric disorders, legal problems, educational difficulties and social problems