PSY2004 S2 W1 Atypical Development Flashcards
(56 cards)
What do we mean by neurodevelopmental conditions?
lifelong condition that affects how the brain develops and leads to atypical development. Effects can range from mild differences to severe difficulties. Can be caused by genetic or envrionmental factors or a combinatino of both.
What terms were used in the past ?
Misguided Historical Language
‘Idiocy’ / ‘Imbecile’ (16th century) – Historical terms for individuals with an Intellectual Disability
‘Idiots Savants’ (1887) – patients with exceptional abilities in an extremely narrow field.
‘Attentio volubilis’ (1775) – ‘Easily Rotating’ Patients who are easily distracted/find it hard to maintain attention.
What was the context of 1913 and mental health intervention?
Mental Deficiency Act’ institutionalisation for children labelled ‘mentally defective’
Cyril Burt – first government appointed psychologist. Worked with London County Council, responsible for identifying ‘feeble minded’ children
What was the context of 1920s and mental health intervention?
The ‘Commonwealth Fund’ funded child guidance clinics.
American philanthropic body began to provide funds for the purposes of improving child guidance services in Britain. Early child guidance clinics were used to direct child-rearing practices and to guide the behaviour of problem children. [children specific intervention]
What was the context of 1920-30s and mental health intervention?
Expansion of charitable and governmental services for the psychological wellbeing of children
What was the context of 1959 and mental health intervention?
‘The Mental Health Act’ –The Act emphasized the importance of human rights and dignity for individuals with mental health conditions. [everybody should have access to dignity]
Children were no longer mandatorily institutionalised!
Local authorities were now responsible for their care and many institutions closed.
What was the context of 1960-80s and mental health intervention?
A largescale movement to universalise neurodevelopmental concepts across psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience
What did the shift in responsibility to local government for the care lead to?
1959
Led to a huge shift in mindset, partially led by parent advocacy – greater understanding was needed to fully understand the appropriate care for different individuals.
Waht factors drove the universalisation of term for neurodevelopmental coditions?
1960s
Growing International Collaboration
Advancements in Research
Need for Standardized Diagnosis and Treatment:
Was a significant step in advancing in the understanding of neurodevelopment condition
Why is it a big shift the official recognition of intellectual disabilities?
Intellectual disability had previously been viewed as part of other diagnoses, and not a diagnosis within its own right.
When were the offocial recognitions of certain condition?
Autism – 1943
ADD - late 1960s [now ADHD]
Down Syndrome – 1866
William’s Syndrome – 1961
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome – 1973
Intellectual Disability (Standalone) – DSM III, 1980
How were conditions treated in hisotry ?
Each condition was treated as a discrete, standalone diagnosis until relatively recently. No overlap at the time
When did developmental disorders appear ?
First appeared in 1820.
However, ‘neurodevelopmental conditions’ as a group label didn’t appear in the DSM until the 5th edition in 2013 - now have an understanding of the overlap between different behaviours & characteristics across conditions.
What are key featuers of the DSM
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic criteria, common lanaguge, research tool
What factors lead to the inclusion of developmental conditions ( yet to be labelled neurodevelopmental)
Growing recognition and research, need for consistency adn reliability and advoacy efforts
How did the growing recognition and research contribute to the inclusion of the category ‘developmental conditions’?
Increased scientific research and a growing understanding of neurodevelopmental conditions led to greater recognition of their distinct characteristics and impact.
This provided the foundation for developing specific diagnostic criteria.
How did the need consistency and reliability contribute to the inclusion of the category ‘developmental conditions’?
Prior to DSM-III, diagnoses were often inconsistent and varied significantly between clinicians.
The need for a standardised system for diagnosing and classifying these conditions was crucial for improving communication, research, and treatment planning.
The DSM-III’s emphasis on observable and measurable behaviours aimed to increase the objectivity and reliability of diagnoses
How did advocacy efforts contribute to the inclusion of the category ‘developmental conditions’?
Advocacy groups and families of individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions played a crucial role in raising awareness and advocating for their inclusion in the DSM-III.
What is a problem with the categorisation of conditions in the DSM?
They are categorised in a distinct manner with no overlap however in reality there’s overlap.
What are the key categories of developmental conditions in the DSM?
Learning disorders [Dyslexia, Dyscalculia], Mental retardation [Down syndrome, Foetal Alcohol Syndrome], Motor Skills Disorders [tourette’s, cerebral palsy, dyspraxia], Communication Disorders [stuttering, specific language impairment], Pervasive Developmental disorders [Autism, Rett syndrome]
What was a change in the DSM-IV-R (2013)?
The DSM-5-R recognizes that many developmental disorders have underlying neurological and biological origins. You can have multiple condition, you can be diagnoses with multiple, which was not the case in the past.
What conditions were grouped into one broad category of neurodevelopmental conditions in the DSM IV 2013?
Intellectual Disability [Cat 1]
Autism Spectrum Disorder [Cat 2]
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [Cat 3]
Specific Learning Disorder [Cat 4]
Motor Disorders (including Tic Disorders) [Cat 4]
Communication Disorders [Cat 5]
What is the note on langauge?
Traditionally negative language “impariments” “deficit”, more approrpiate to use terms such as “condition” “difference”. Person-first language, e.g. “person with autism” or identity-first language, e.g. “autistic person”.
What are the multiple reasons for atypical development?
Pre-natal effects (e.g. exposure to teratogen) = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder [teratogen]
Environmental effects (e.g. complications during birth) = Cerebral Palsy
Genetic effects = Hereditary & Spontaneous mutations (e.g. Copy Number Variants)
Unknown (likely multifaceted) effects = Autism Spectrum Conditions & ADHD
