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PSY251 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence?

A

Humans have multiple intelligences (verbal, musical, mathematical, social) all associated with different brain regions, suggesting modular specialization

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2
Q

List the function of each lobe of the brain

A

Frontal: executive functions and motor control
Parietal: Integration of sensory information
Temporal: Gustatory, auditory and memory
Occipital: Visual processing

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3
Q

List the function of the cranial nerves

A

Olfactory: smell
Optic: vision
Oculomotor: eye movement
Trochlear: eye movement
Trigeminal: Face sensation and chewing
Abducens: Eye movement
Facial: Facial movement and taste
Vestibulocochlear: Hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal: Tongue and pharynx sensation, taste
Vagus: Autonomic control of organs and taste
Spinal accessory: neck movement
Hypoglossal: tongue movement

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4
Q

What regions do each dermatome cover?

A

Cervical: Head and arms
Thoracic: chest and abdomen
Lumbar: lower back and front legs
Sacral: buttocks and back legs

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5
Q

What connects the CNS and ENS

A

Vagus

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6
Q

List the parts of the brainstem

A

Diencephalon, midbrain and hindbrain

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7
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, Reticular formation, Pons and Medulla

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8
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Controls complex movement and cognitive functions

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9
Q

What is the reticular formation and what is its function

A

It is a netlike network of grey and white matter in the brainstem that stimulates the forebrain, regulates sleep-wake cycles and arousal

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10
Q

What does the pons do

A

Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and controls vital bodily movements

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11
Q

What is the medulla’s function

A

Controls breathing and heartrate

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12
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Tectum (roof) and Tegmentum (floor)

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13
Q

What is the function of the Tectum

A

Visual and auditory processing and orienting movements

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14
Q

What is the function of the tegmentum

A

Eye and limb movement, species-specific behaviors and pain perception

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15
Q

Periaqueductal grey

A

Pain perception

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16
Q

Diencephalon parts and function

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus: integrates sensory and motor information en route to the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Thalamus Function

A

Relay centre for sensory information

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18
Q

Lateral geniculate function

A

In thalamus; vision processing

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19
Q

Medial geniculate function

A

In thalamus; auditory processing

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20
Q

Dorsomedial Thalamus function

A

Olfaction

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21
Q

Layers of the cerebral/neo cortex

A

1-3: intergrates sensory and motor information
4: sensory input (from thalamus)
5-6: motor output

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22
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Controls movement

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23
Q

Basal ganglia parts

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

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24
Q

Globus pallidus function

A

Controls level of movement strength (more function/turned up = less movement)

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25
Limbic system parts
Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate cortex
26
Amygdala function
Emotional regulation
27
Hypothalamus function
Release of 'prehormones'
28
Cingulate cortex function
Emotional processing, inhibitory control, attentional processing and motor planning
29
Olfactory system steps
Smell is dissolved into mucus -> olfactory bulb -> pyriform cortex -> amygdala -> dorsomedial thalamus
30
Allocortex function
2-4 layered cortex that controls motivational states
31
Location of ventricles
Lateral (between hemispheres) Third (between cerebrum and brainstem) Fourth (between cerebellum and brain stem)
32
3 cerebral arteries
Anterior: runs along top of brain Middle: travels through lateral fissure Posterior: Runs along bottom of brain
33
Excitatory vs Inhibitory synapses
Excitatory: On dendrites, round vesicles, dense membrane material, wide cleft and large active zone Inhibitory: On soma, flat vesicles, sparse membrane material, narrow cleft, small active zone
34
Types of neurotransmitter receptors
Ionotropic and metabotropic
35
Ionotropic Receptors
Fast, ligand gated ion channels, causing rapid voltage changes (excitatory usually)
36
Metabotropic Receptors
Slow, g-protein coupled receptors, causing intracellular cascades (often inhibitory)
37
What does the cholinergic neurotransmitter system control?
Attention, waking EEG, memory
38
Cholinergic system degradation
Alzheimer's
39
Function of dopaminergic pathway
Motor behavior, mesolimbic activity (reward)
40
Dopaminergic pathway disorders
Less = Parkinsons, More = Schizophrenia
41
Noradrenergic pathway function
Emotional tone
42
Noradrenergic pathway dysfunction
lower = depressing, higher = mania
43
Serotonergic Pathway Function
Waking EEG
44
Serotonergic pathway dysfunction
OCD, tics, schizophrenia and depression
45
How does the hypothalamus control the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
Anterior: Neurohormones via portal veins Posterior: Direct axonal release
46
Tay-sachs
Deficient enzymes for lipid breakdown leading to neurodegeneration
47
Huntington's disease
CAG repeat on chromosome 4 leads to basal ganglia and cortical cell death leading to motor and cognitive decline
48
7 ways drugs modify nerve processes
Neurotransmitter production Neurotransmitter storage Neurotransmitter release Receptor effects Reuptake effects Enzymatic degradation Sensitization
49
Types of tolerance
Metabolic: increased enzymes metabolize the drug faster Cellular: neuronal adaptation lowers the effect of the drug Learned: behavioral compensation for intoxication
50
Nucleus Accumbens Function
Mediates dopamine-driven rewards and craving
51
How does GABA affect neuronal activity
Inhibitory (sedative); enhanced by alcohol and benzodiazepines
52
How does Glutamate (NMDA) impact neuronal activity
Critical for long-term polarization and memory (glutamate is required to depolarize and unblock Mg2+
53
Mesolimbic vs Mesocortical Dopamine Pathways
Mesolimbic: reward and reinforcement Mesocortical: cognition and emotional regulation
54
Brain damage due to alcohol
Thalamic/Limbic damage from b1 (thiamine) deficiency (Korsakoff syndrome)
55
Brain damage due to cocaine
Cerebral blood flow blockages and vascular changes causes cell death
56
Types of induced brain lesions
Electrolytic: current passes through an electrode at a specific location and destroys tissue Neurotoxic: Injected toxic chemical into the brain that only kills specific neuron types
57
Movement: brain locations and functions
Prefrontal cortex: plans movement Motor cortex: specifies movement execution Premotor cortex: sequences and coordinates movement Cerebellum: timing and accuracy (error correction) Basal ganglia: Modulates movement force
58
Three components of emotion
Autonomic responses - hypothalamus and ENS Cognitive appraisal - cerebral cortex Subjective feeling - amygdala, frontal lobe
59
Outline olfaction pathway
Smell -> olfactory epithelium -> olfactory bulbs -> limbic system and frontal cortex
60
Gustation Pathway
Taste receptors -> insula and somatosensory cortex
61
Lateral lesion to hypothalamus
Aphagia
62
Ventromedial lesion to hypothalamus
Hyperphagia
63
Posterior vs anterior hormones
Posterior: oxytocin Anterior: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, GH)
64
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Loss of fear, hyperorality, indiscriminate diet, visual agnosia, tameness due to amygdala removal
65
Light and Circadian Rhythm
Retinal ganglion cells see light and through the retinohypothalamic tract the SCN is entrained
66
Name key areas for sleep and their functions
RAS (brainstem) for arousal Peribranchial area for sleep initiation Pontine RF for REM Subcoerulear nucleus for atonia

PSY101 (2 decks)

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