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psyc 101 quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

biological perspective

A

seeks to understand human behavior and mental processes through the lens of biology

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2
Q

cognitive perspective

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

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3
Q

behavioral perspective

A

an approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.

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4
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior

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5
Q

hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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6
Q

descriptive methods

A

case study
survey
naturalistic observation
(DON’T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)

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7
Q

laboratory observation

A

research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions

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8
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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9
Q

participant observation

A

a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

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10
Q

case study

A

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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11
Q

survey research

A

the measurement of public opinion through the use of sampling and questioning

aka scale research

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12
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

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13
Q

sample

A

a subset of the population

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14
Q

random sampling

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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15
Q

variable

A

a factor that can change in an experiment

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16
Q

correlational study

A

a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena

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17
Q

correlation coefficient (r)

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

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18
Q

positive correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together

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19
Q

negative correlation

A

the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

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20
Q

third variable problem (confounding variable)

A

the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable

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21
Q

spurious correlation

A

two factors appear causally related to one another but are not

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22
Q

random assignment

A

placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

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23
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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24
Q

dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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25
experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
26
experimental group
the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
27
control group
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.
28
operational definition
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
29
how we have studied the brain
phrenology- they thought you can find out personality by feelings lumps and bumps on the head; surgical ablation - destroy something in the brain; cryoarchitecture (brodmann areas - 17 - Primary Visual cortex, 18 - Secondary Visual cortex, and 19 - make up the occipital lobe) Golgi - Golgi's method is a silver staining technique that is used to visualize dendritic branching patterns and dendritic spines under light microscopy and cajal - the nervous system was made up of microscopic cells (neurons), each independent from one another but that establish complex patterns of connections
30
neurons
Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
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cell body (soma)
contains nucleus (DNA of the cell)
31
dendrites
branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
32
axon
a cord-like extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
33
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
34
resting potential
electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron (~-70 mV)
35
depolarization
the process during the action potential when sodium and potassium are rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
36
repolarization
period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron
37
hyper polarization
membrane potential becomes more negative
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refractory period
the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
39
myelin sheath
covers the axon of some neurons and helps accelerate neural impulses
40
neurotransmitter
chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
41
synaptic gap (synapse)
space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite receptors of the next neuron
42
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
a noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels
43
agonist
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response examples: alcohol, heroin, L-Dopa, Nicotine, LSD
44
antagonist molecules
molecules that bind to receptors but block neurotransmitters from funtioning Ex. Botulin - Botox Nalozone, Antipsychotic Medications
45
acetylcholine
involved in muscle action, learning, and memory
46
dopamine
involved in movement, learning, reinforcement, reward, attention, and emotion
47
serotonin
involved in emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming
48
norepinephrine
involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation
49
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
antidepressant drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin to reduce symptoms of depression
50
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
a major inhibitory neurotransmitter BRAKE PEDAL
51
glutamate
a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory GAS PEDAL
52
endorphins
natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure
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central nervous system (CNS)
includes the brain ( parasympathetic - cool down and relax (rest and digest) /sympathetic - fight or flight) and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
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sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
56
motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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spinal cord
coordination of reflexes; carries sensory information to the brain and motor signals away from the brain
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somatic (skeletal) nervous system
skin, muscles and joints
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autonomic nervous system
glands and organs
60
medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
61
pons (respond to signals from the cerebellum and sends to the rest of the brain)
a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
62
reticular FORMATION
(filters incoming inFORMATION) sleep/wake cycle, attention filtering incoming information as well as relaying information to other brain areas
63
cerebellum (Sara the body builder)
processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
64
thalamus
gateway to the brain, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
65
basal ganglia
important for the planning and production of movement and attention
66
hypothalamus (hypothermia)
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature)
67
hippocampus ( on a campus u learn and memorize)
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
68
amygdala (amygdilemma - reading emotions on people's faces and angry)
a limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
69
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
70
frontal lobe ( line leader makes decision for the line)
associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
70
corpus callosum
a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.
71
parietal lobe ( parents talk sense into you)
receives sensory input for touch and spatial relations
72
temporal lobe
processing faces and auditory signals, hearing, speech, memory
73
occipital lobe
a region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
74
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
75
broca's area
controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. Broadman 44 or 45
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wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe Broadman 22
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Philosopher - Aristotle
emphasized the importance of empirical observations
78
Phiolsopher - Plato
Nativitism Mental processes originated in the brain
79
Physiologists - Hippocrates
saw the connection between abnormal behavior and issues with the brain
80
Physiologists - Müller
Studied the passage of impulses from and to nerves
81
Physiologists - Von Helmholtz
Measured the speed of neural impulses; the relationships between measurable physical stimuli and their correspondent human perceptions.
82
First Psychologists - Wundt
Founding father of psychology structuralism
83
First Psychologists - James
Founded functionalism
84
First Psychologists - Wertheimer
One of the founders of Gestalt psychology
85
First Psychologists - Darwin
Functionalism → Evolutionism Natural Selection
86
Behaviorists - Watson
Observable behavior only
87
Behaviorists Skinner
Operant conditioning
88
Behaviorists Pavlov
Classical conditioning
89
Social Psychologist Lewin
utilized scientific methods and experimentation to look at social behavior
90
Cognitive Psychologist Miller
One of the founders of cognitive psychology, which led to cognitive neuroscience
91
The action potential of memory starts at -70, depolarization - goes to a less negative potential, potassium, and sodium float into the cell causing depolarization, and repolarization - drops down into a negative state because potassium leaves the cell, hyperpolarization - becomes more negative than it originally was (-90), refractory period - helps the neuron so it does not fire too soon Three parts of neuron Perception - Chemical (neurotransmitters - ACH, norepinephrine, Dopamine, Gabba, and Guitamate, endorphins) Integration - Electrical Transmission
The action potential of memory starts at -70, depolarization - goes to a less negative potential, potassium, and sodium float into the cell causing depolarization, and repolarization - drops down into a negative state because potassium leaves the cell, hyperpolarization - becomes more negative than it originally was (-90), refractory period - helps the neuron so it does not fire too soon Reception - Chemical (dendrite) (neurotransmitters - ACH, norepinephrine, Dopamine, Gabba, and Guitamate, endorphins) Integration - Electrical (axon) Transmission - Terminal button (chemical)
92
External Validilty
validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study /Able to be generalized
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