PSYC*2330 Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning Foundations Flashcards
1
Q
What is the simplest mechanism whereby organisms learn about the relations between two events?
A
Classical conditioning
2
Q
What is object learning?
A
The learning of associations between different features of an object
3
Q
What is a conditional stimulus?
A
A stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit a particular response, but comes to do so when associated with an unconditional stimulus
4
Q
What is an unconditional stimulus?
A
A stimulus that elicits a response without prior training
5
Q
What is a conditional response?
A
The response that comes to be elicited by the conditional stimulus due to training
6
Q
What is an unconditional response?
A
The response elicited to a stimulus without prior training
7
Q
T or F: The CR and UR are always the same.
A
False
8
Q
What is the typical US in eye blink conditioning?
A
A puff of air to the eye
9
Q
What is the typical CS in eye blink conditioning?
A
An auditory tone
10
Q
What is the UR in eye blink conditioning?
A
An eye blink
11
Q
What is the CR in eye blink conditioning?
A
An eye blink
12
Q
What is the typical US in fear conditioning?
A
A shock
13
Q
What are three typical CS in fear conditioning?
A
- A light
- A tone
- Context
14
Q
What is the UR in fear conditioning?
A
Jumping
15
Q
What is the CR in fear conditioning?
A
Freezing
16
Q
What is the typical US in place conditioning?
A
Drugs
17
Q
What is the CS in place conditioning?
A
The environmental context
18
Q
What is the typical UR in place conditioning?
A
The effects of the drug
19
Q
What are the two potential CR in place conditioning?
A
- Approach
- Avoidance
20
Q
What is the typical US in taste conditioning?
A
Illness
21
Q
What is the typical CS in taste conditioning?
A
Flavour
22
Q
What is the UR in taste conditioning?
A
Nausea/negative affect
23
Q
What is the CS in taste conditioning?
A
Nausea/negative affect
24
Q
What is conditioned suppression?
A
The suppression of ongoing behaviour produced by the presentation of a CS that elicits fear
25
How is the suppression ratio calculated?
A/(A+B)
A= the total # of responses with CS
B= the total # of responses before the CS
26
What are the three phases of place conditioning?
- Pre-test phase
- Place conditioning phase
- Test of preference
27
What occurs during the pretest phase of place conditioning?
The rat is given access to both compartments and the time spent in each is measured without US
28
What occurs during the place conditioning phase of a place conditioning procedure?
The rat switches between being placed in the US compartment and the non-US compartment
29
What occurs during the test of preference phase of place conditioning?
The rat is given access to both compartments and the time spent in each is measured without US
30
What is conditioned place preference?
When the pairing of a specific context/environment with the US evoked an approach response to that context/environment (more time spent in US compartment)
31
What is conditioned place aversion/avoidance?
When the pairing of a specific context/environment with the US evoked an avoidance response to that context/environment (less time spent in US compartment)
32
What is it called when an organism moves towards or makes contact with a stimulus that signals the availability of a positive reinforcer?
Sign tracking/ autoshaping
33
What is it called when a conditioned organism is presented with CS, and they approach the location where the US is typically presented?
Goal tracking
34
Do rats selectively bred for high locomotor responsivity show sign tracking or goal tracking when in a novel environment?
Sign tracking
35
Do rats selectively bred for low locomotor responsivity show sign tracking or goal tracking when in a novel environment?
Goal tracking
36
T or F: Taste aversions are selective for novel tastes.
True
37
What is evaluative conditioning?
Changing the liking of an initially neutral stimulus by associating it with something that is already liked or disliked
38
What is a conditioning trial?
A training episode involving the presentation of a CS with or without a US
39
What is an intertrial interval?
The amount of time between two successive trials
40
What is an interstimulus interval/ CS-US interval?
The amount of time between the start of the CS and the start of the US
41
For conditioned responses to develop, is it recommended to make the interstimulus interval longer or shorter than the intertrial interval?
It's recommended to make the interstimulus interval much shorter than the intertrial interval
42
What is the procedure for short-delayed conditioning?
The CS is presented less than a minute before the US on each trial
43
What is the most frequently used procedure for classical conditioning?
Short-delayed conditioning
44
T or F: In short-delayed conditioning, the CS may continue during the US or end when the US begins.
True
45
What is the procedure for trace-conditioning?
The US is presented after the CS has been terminated for a short period of time
46
What is a trace interval?
The period of time between the end of the CS and the start of the US in trace-conditioning trials
47
T or F: Trace intervals can vary in length in a trace-conditioning procedure.
True
48
Which conditioning procedure requires memory?
Trace-conditioning
49
What is the procedure for long-delayed conditioning?
The CS is presented much before the US on each trial
50
What is the difference between trace-conditioning and long-delayed conditioning?
In long-delayed conditioning, there is no trace interval (the CS continues until the US begins)
51
What is the procedure for simultaneous conditioning?
The CS and US are presented at the same time on each trial
52
What is the procedure for backwards conditioning?
The CS is presented shortly after the US on each trial
53
What is a test trial?
Trials in which the CS is presented alone to assess the behaviour
54
During a test trial, what does the magnitude of a response signify?
How strong the CR is or how much the CR occurs
55
During a test trial, what does the probability of a response signify?
How likely the CS is to elicit the CR
56
During a test trial, what does the latency of a response signify?
How soon after the CS the CR occurs
57
What is it called when responding increases due to increased exposure to the US and not the establishment of an association?
Pseudo-conditioning
58
What is required to determine if responses to a CS represent a genuine association and not pseudo-conditioning?
Control procedures
59
What is a truly random control?
A procedure in which the CS and US are presented at random times with respect to each other
60
What is an explicitly unpaired control?
A procedure in which the CS and US are presented far enough apart to prevent their association
61
Which is more effective, truly random control or explicitly unpaired control?
Explicitly unpaired control
62
What is inhibitory conditioning?
When the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US
63
What is needed for a conditioned inhibitor to acquire meaning?
An excitatory context/background for the US
64
What are three procedures to induce conditioned inhibition?
- Differential inhibition
- Conditioned inhibition
- Negative CS-US contingency
65
What is involved in the differential inhibition procedure?
In an alternating or random fashion, the following occur:
- CS1 is paired with the US to become an excitatory CS (CS+)
- CS2 is presented with no US to become an inhibitory CS (CS-)
66
What is involved in the conditioned inhibition procedure?
In an alternating or random fashion, the following occur:
- CS1 is paired with the US to become an excitatory CS (CS+)
- CS1, CS2, and no US are presented together and CS2 becomes an inhibitory CS (CS-)
67
What is involved in the negative CS-US contingency procedure?
The US is periodically presented by itself, but after each occurrence of the CS- there is a predictable absence of the US for a while
68
What are bidirectional response systems?
Responses that change in opposite directions depending on the presentation of conditioned excitation or inhibition
69
What are two ways to test conditioned inhibition?
- Compound-stimulus test/ summation test
- Retardation of acquisition test
70
How does a compound-stimulus test/ summation test determine if a stimulus is a conditioned inhibitor?
If the presentation of a CS- disrupts or suppresses responding that would normally be elicited by the CS+
71
How does the retardation if acquisition test identify if a stimulus is a conditioned inhibitor?
If the previously conditioned CS- is slower to acquire excitatory properties than a comparison stimulus
72
Why might results from a summation test provide a false positive?
Too much attention may have been paid to the CS-, diverting attention away from the CS+ rather than truly inhibiting a response
73
Why might results from a retardation of acquisition test provide a false positive?
Too little attention may have been paid to the CS- given it was previously unreinforced in the first stage of training
