PSYC 289 Exam 3 Flashcards
final exam (117 cards)
1
Q
When does adulthood begin?
A
18-25.
2
Q
Role transitions in adulthood
A
marriage, menarche
3
Q
menarche
A
first menstrual period
4
Q
emerging adulthood
A
for some people in modern cultures, there is a period in between late tweens and early twenties in which there is a gap between adulthood and adolescence
5
Q
physical development
A
development involving the physical components of the body, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
6
Q
physical prime
A
physical maturity by early twenties
strength and health peak between 20 and 35
body systems function optimally
7
Q
sensence
A
the natural physical decline brought about by aging
8
Q
DNA cellular level theory of aging
A
- programmed effects of specific genes
- aging genes
- telomere shortening
- random events
- mutations and cancer
- free radicals
Track progress
9
Q
Organ/Tissue Level of Aging
A
Gradual failure of endocrine system
Declines in immune system
10
Q
activity theory of aging
A
The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life.
11
Q
disengagement theory of aging
A
aging produces a withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.
12
Q
continuity theory of aging
A
view that people are inclined to maintain as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and the styles of life they developed in earlier years
13
Q
postformal thought
A
thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must be solved in relativistic terms
14
Q
epistemic cognition
A
refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas
15
Q
emotional expertise
A
-Cognitive-affective complexity
declines for many
-Affect optimization improves
maximize positive emotions, dampen negative ones
-More vivid emotional perceptions
make sure of own emotions
use emotion-centered coping
16
Q
dualistic thinking
A
dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they
17
Q
relativistic thinking
A
understanding that knowledge itself depends on context. Biased thinking based on the philosophy that there are no absolute truths and thinking belonging to an individual or culture
18
Q
commitment within relativistic thinking
A
instead of choosing between opposing views, they formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that minimizes contradictions
19
Q
pragmatic thought
A
a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems
20
Q
cognitive-affective complexity
A
awareness of conflicting positive negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex organized structure.
21
Q
vocational developments
A
what will you be when you grow up?
considered to be a major decision of adolescence
several theories of how this occurs
22
Q
fantasy period
A
in early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them. First stage of Ginzberg’s theory
23
Q
tentative period
A
the second stage of Ginzberg’s theory, which spans into adolescence. When people begin to think about pragmatic terms about the requirements of jobs and how their skill set would fit with them
24
Q
realistic period
A
the third stage of Ginzberg’s theory, which occurs in early adulthood when people begin to explore specific career options, either through actual experience or through training, then actually make their decision on a career.
25
Holland's personality type theory
people choose career based on the fit between their individual traits and career interests
26
realistic personality
people who like to know what is going on around them
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investigative personality
people who like to know why things happen
28
artistic personality type
people who enjoy expressing themselves through unstructured tasks
29
social personality type
people who like working with people (teacher)
30
enterprising personality
people like to lead and direct others in achieving a goal
31
conventional personality
prefer highly structured tasks. Like bank tellers and secretaries
32
intimacy and identity
Erikson's stages. Having a secure sense of identity leads to intimacy. Intimacy predicts later generativity.
33
Levinson's Seasons of Life
Life Structure: underlying design of life. Reassess and rebuild during midlife
Developmental tasks- midlife transition. Realize half your life is spent, then reevaluate dream.
Flexibly adjust identities due to age. Higher self esteem and life satisfaction.
34
Valliants adaptation to life theory
Adaptation to life is a slow and steady change
keepers of meaning/guardians of our culture
begin to focus on larger and less personal goals
most successful and well adjusted people transition to midlife with minimal conflict
35
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
36
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
a theory that sees love as having three elements. Intimacy, passion, and commitment. best type of love has all three; consumate love
37
intimacy love
feelings of closeness, friendship, and connection of higher level of connection,
38
passionate love
an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
39
commitment love
important in adult happiness. Includes intimate self disclosure, shared emotional and material support, and similar interests and values.
40
types of love (sternberg)
non love- no traits
liking- intimacy
infatuation- passion
empty love- commitment
romantic- passion, intimacy
fatuous- commitment, passion
compassionate- intimacy, commitment
consumate love- all 3
41
Carol Gilligan- Gender difference?
Goes with intimacy and isolation. Women struggle more finding identity because girls are more socialized than boys. Therefore, girls excel more in intimacy v. isolation as they are better at forming secure relationships, but worse at finding identity.
Recent research shows that males and females really are not all that different in these phases.
42
friendships
encompass 3 themes: emotional, mutual interests, and sociality/compatibility. These are the reasons people are friends.
Friendships are associated with higher life satisfaction, and lower loneliness.
43
gender differences in friendships
women- more close friends, more intimate, more emotional sharing, more co-rumination.
men- based on shared interest, more competitive, less intimate, fewer close relationships
cross sex relationships- more beneficial for men than women. Allows men to be more open and intimate, and helps with dating anxiety. Not as beneficial for women, and can cause jealousy from third parties.
44
historical changes in relationships
the age of first marriage has greatly increased. the average age is 30.5 for men and 28.6 women
more same sex couples
more couples living together without being married
45
staying single
33% of people 25-54
25% of those 40+
unmarried people over 35 report contentment
being unmarried is more negative for women than men.
Being unmarried in the early thirties can be stressful
46
secure attachment model
working model- comfortable with intimacy, no fear of abandonment
adult relationships- trust, happiness, friendship, empathy, constructive conflict, resolution
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avoidant attachment model
working model- independence, mistrust, anxiety about closeness
adult relationship- love hard to find, casual sex encounters, jealousy, emotional distance, lack of support, unrealistic beliefs
48
resistant attachment model
working model- seek quick love, complete merging
adult relationships- jealousy, desperation, emotional highs and lows, support not helpful, quick to express anger and fear
49
origins of love
infant attachment influences later romantic relationships. Causes a specific internal working model.
Neurological basis of love.
-reward circuitry
-release oxytocin, leads to love and attachment
- deactivated neural pathway responsible for negative emotions
50
falling in love
do opposites attract or birds of a feather flock together? both, but more couples are similar than different
straight couples are more similar than gay couples
51
homogamy
degree of similarity, predicts marital satisfaction
52
traditional v. Egalitarian (sharing duties)
heterosexual couples often more traditional, or a combination of the two
gay couples egalitarian is more common
53
Do married couples stay happy?
younger couples are more likely to divorce
gay couples have the same or more satisfaction than straight
women are more likely to notice marriage flaws than men.
men are overall more satisfied and healthier in a relationship. Although, divorce is harder on men
a steady relationship will be high, then fall, then rise again. This trajectory depends on many things, like kids. Even without kids, this curve still will occur
54
exchange theory in marriage
equal exchange= happy marriage
women often give their all to the child and do not have as much left to give to their partner, while the partner is giving their all to the spouse and getting nothing in return
55
what makes a relationship last
partner is bestie
liking partner
looking at marriage as a long term, permanent arrangement
56
divorce and remarriage
44% of marriages end in divorce. most in the first 7-10 years. Divorce rates are decreasing. Divorce rates are higher for peoples' second or third marriages. Rates are higher for couples age 20-25.
57
why do couples get divorced
early divorce usually preceeded with negative emotions during conflict. Later divorce results in lack of positive emotions.
58
how does divorce affect people
feelings of disappointment or rejection
divorce hangover
middle age and old women are less likely to remarry than men
financial burden, especially for women
59
midlife crisis?
vaillant says no for majority of people, Levinson says yes
60
The Baltimore study
studies big 5 of personality (agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion). Follows 1,000 age college educated people age 20-96. Big 5 traits showed stability around age 30.
61
summary of big 5
-personality change does occur
-no large gender difference
-the direction and amount of change depends on the trait.
-individual variation
neuroticism- stable, slight u change over life
extraversion/openness- stable or gradual decline w age
agreeableness- varies, may increase or decline
conscientiousness- stable or slight increase before age 60, may decline later
62
reasons for big 5 change
Levinson saw this "crisis" because he used a relatively small sample size, and the cohort effect. The participants turned 40 in the 1970s. Responses could have been effected by world events going on at this time.
63
how pervasive is midlife crisis
Levinson and Jung say big crisis.
Recent research says nah. midlife crisis is overexaggerated.
-overall rise in life satisfaction
- turning points are mostly positive
- crisies are connected to life events, not age
- quarter life crisis (25-35) more common
- midlife correction (abigail stewart)
64
parenting: change in relationship w kids
what happens when kid moves back home?
-half of young adults moved home prior to pandemic
- mostly due to finances
usually not great for relationship. Spending time together for a while is okay, but parents may feel like a failure if children express no desire to get back on their feet.
65
factors associated with coping well w kids becoming adults
-maintaining other good relationships
- activities and career involvement
- respect for child's autonomy
- children's outcomes
66
when kids grow up
-increased likelihood parents and children grow older together
-sandwich generation- middle aged adults may care for multiple generations. Mainly women.
67
caregiving for parents
adults taking care of elderly parents leads to two sources of stress:
1. having to cope with decline in parent's functioning
2. caregiving situation can be confining or disruptive.
stress buffers- secure attachment to parents, or awards from being an employee
68
bias and discrimination in the workplace
gender discrimination- denying a person a job based on gender
glass ceiling- level to which a person gets but can't get past
- women and LGBTQIA+
glass cliff- women get put in leadership when and only when company is failing
69
marital satisfaction
whether person sees marriage as a good one or not
70
parenthood advantages
fun, community status, gives meaning to life, immorality, creativity and sense of accomplishment, warmth and affection, and personal growth
71
disadvantages to parenthood
loss of freedom, financial strain, family-work conflict, interference w mom's work opportunities, worries about children, risk of bringing up children in modern world, reduced time spent w spouse, loss of privacy, fear child will turn out badly
72
role overload
job situation that places so many requirements or demands on workers it becomes impossible to do a good job
73
main reasons for divorce
communication, unhappiness, incompatibility, emotional abuse, finances, sexual problems, in laws, infidelity, alcohol abuse, physical abuse
74
physical changes in middle adulthood
-strength, reaction times decline
-menopause
-lowered sperm count
-continued aging
-sensory decline
-weight and height
75
osteoporosis
a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily
treatment- calcium/vitamin D supplementation, bisphosphonates, PTH analogs, SERMs, calcitonin, denosumab treatment
76
climacteric
many physiological changes that occur during the transition period from fertility to infertility in both sexes
77
menopause symptoms
HAVOCS
hot flashes
Atrophy of Vagina
Osteoporosis
Coronary artery disease
Sleep disturbances
78
hormone replacement therapy
use of female hormones (estrogen and progestin) to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause
risks- endometrial cancer, blood clots, stroke, gallbladder and gallstone problems, dementia
79
stress in middle adulhood
direct physiological effects, BP, hormones, harmful behavior, drug use, nutrition, sleep
80
cognition changes w age
some cognitive decrements normal after age 60
declines mainly in processing speed and memory
81
explicit memory in older adults
recall becomes more difficult. context may help retrieval, but there is slower processing, and weaker working memory is harder to encode.
This is your deliberate memory.
Associative memory has the largest decline. This is associating links between pieces of information. Old adults have difficulty creating links between info,
82
implicit memory in older adults
maintained better than explicit memory.
This is memory without conscious awareness. It depends on familiarity and recognition.
This is the automatic memory.
Includes remote memory. This is autobiographical memory, it is stronger for remote and recent events than for intermediate events. Reminiscence bump
83
factors on memory in adulthood
memory beliefs go hand in hand with stereotypes. If you think your memory will get worse, it likely will.
Factors related to memory include health, education, and SES
doing everyday memory tasks may reduce memory decrements.
84
wisdom
universal, cross-cultural association with age due to increased experience.
5 ingredients
85
5 ingredients to wisdom
- knowledge about life's concerns
- effective strategies for applying knowledge
- view of people considers multiple demands of their life.
- awareness and management of life's uncertainties
86
what contributes to wisdom?
age does not
type of experiences
- human service training and practice
- leadership positions
-history of overcoming adversity
personal motivation
- continued desire for personal growth
-sense of autonomy and purpose
-generativity (Erikson)
87
dementia
loss of intellectual functioning caused by brain damage or disease. Symptoms include severe memory loss.
occurs in 4% of adults
88
types of dementia
many types, but 2 main types
vascular dementia- caused by many smalls CVA's (strokes). Leads to a sudden onset with slow progression. diagnosed by structural imaging.
alzheimers disease
89
Alzheimers
progressive brain disorder. most common cause of dementia. 5.3 million Americans have this, and it has no cure
brain changes: neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex
risk factors- genetic predisposition, high fat diet, more education and active lifestyle help prevent this.
90
stereotypes of aging
-many assume that deterioration is inevitable, therefore elders experience prejudice and discrimination
- depends on culture
-stereotype threat- fear of becoming stereotype reduces function. Self-confirming bias.
91
maintaining cognitive fitness with old age
stay healthy, do not drink or smoke, receive medical treatment if necessary, use glasses or hearing aids if necessary
92
select optimization w compensation
helps older adults.
select- choose activities you value
optimize- devote diminishing resources to valued activities
compensation- find ways to overcome limitations
93
integrity v despair
Erikson's stages
integrity- results from positive outlook in preceding periods.
despair- results from negative reflections, more likely if there was an emphasis on intrinsic goals like money during life time.
life review- looking back on life, evaluate, interpret, and reinterpret
94
socioemotional theory
social networks more selective with age. people spend time with people they are better emotionally connected with.
95
marriage during late adulthood
for many, satisfaction remains stable or peaks during late adulthood, due to fewer stressful responsibilities and joint leisure
96
emotional expertise
older adults report higher levels of well-being than younger adults
positivity effect- having more positive emotions and thought increase positive self perception and self esteem
better emotional regulation
more vivid emotional perception
97
death of a partner
widows and widowers- half of women over 65, fifteen percent of men over 65
few remarry, but men are more likely to
98
possible sources of support for widowed
family, friends, senior centers, support groups, religious activities, volunteer activities
99
relationship with adult children
strength of the relationship can affect older adult's physical and mental health
assist each OTHER. direction changes toward children aid. Relationship with children will affect their willingness to help their parents. Emotional support can be given in both directions.
100
spirituality in later life
older adults are more likely than other ages to be religiously involved. Most likely are women and low SES minorities.
101
benefits of religious involvement
older adults: brings higher levels of physical functioning and health. Gives more exercise and leisure activities. Better community involvement and builds relationships. Can help with emotional support, self esteem, and accepting old age.
religious participation is linked with lower levels of loneliness. Gives better physical functioning and health. Linked to longer life, possibly due to meditation and prayer
102
retirement
many people continue working. Why? Many reasons. It keeps the body moving and going, gives more income, and gives people a sense of identity, and friends in the workplace.
in 1986, congress banned mandatory retirement for most occupations. Most retire by choice if they are in good health.
complex life transition. can be emotionally challenging, including boredom and loneliness. can cause loss of role identity.
103
reasons people DO retire
adequate benefits, compelling leisure interests, low work commitment, declining health, spouse retiring, routine boring job
104
Reasons people don't retire
limited/no benefits, few leisure interests, high work commitment, good health spouse working, flexible work schedule, pleasant stimulating work
105
bridge job
job one holds between ending primary employment and final retirement.
can be associated with pleasure and positive health if related to former career
106
adjustment to retirement
people adjust better if healthy, have adequate income, are active, better educated, have extended social networks, and place higher value on family
107
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
108
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Decreases during late adulthood
109
burnout
state of physical and emotional exhaustion caused by long term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation. Often accompanied by lowered performance and motivation
110
men v women life expectancy
men 76 women 81
111
active lifespan
the number of years of a vigorous, healthy life a person can expect
112
factors which influence lifespan
healthy diet and normal weight, exercise, low substance abuse, optimism, low stress, social support, community involvement, and heredity
113
ADL's
activities of daily living. Include personal daily tasks, like bathing, nail and skin care, walking, eating and drinking, mouth care, dressing, transferring, and toileting.
114
sensory changes in old age
vision problems, hearing loss, decreased taste and smell, and difficulties with daily activities
115
stereotypes about old age
majority of people are senile, most elderly have no interest in sex, most of old people are in a nursing home, older workers aren't as effective as younger workers, most old people are set in their ways and unable to change
116
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question who am i
117
