PSYC 300 - Textbook Notes - Ch. 3

Question 1

What is reliability in the context of measurement?

Answer 1

The consistency of a measurement.

Question 2

Define Inter-Rater Reliability.

Answer 2

The degree to which two independent observers agree on their observations of something.

Question 3

What does Test-Retest Reliability assess?

Answer 3

The extent to which people receive similar scores when tested twice with the same procedure.

Question 4

What is Alternate-Form Reliability?

Answer 4

The extent to which two forms of a test yield consistent scores.

Question 5

What does Internal Consistency Reliability measure?

Answer 5

Whether the items on a test are related to one another.

Question 6

On what scale is reliability typically measured?

Answer 6

Using a scale from 0 to 1.0; closer to 1.0 indicates higher reliability.

Question 7

What is validity?

Answer 7

A complex concept relating to whether a measure accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

Question 8

True or False: High reliability always means a measure is valid.

Answer 8

False.

Question 9

What is Criterion Validity?

Answer 9

Assessing whether test scores correlate with scores on other tests designed to assess the same dimension.

Question 10

Define Content Validity.

Answer 10

Assessing whether a measure properly samples the domain of interest.

Question 11

What is Construct Validity?

Answer 11

Assessing whether a measure properly assesses a specific construct.

Question 12

What is a diagnosis in psychology?

Answer 12

When a professional determines the set of symptoms indicative of a particular disorder.

Question 13

What does DSM-5-TR stand for?

Answer 13

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text Revision.

Question 14

When was the first DSM published?

Answer 14

1952.

Question 15

What major change was introduced in the DSM-III?

Answer 15

The multiaxial system, listing diagnoses on separate dimensions.

Question 16

What is the purpose of the DSM-5?

Answer 16

To provide diagnostic guidelines for mental health syndromes.

Question 17

What is the significance of Emil Kraepelin in psychiatry?

Answer 17

He authored an important early psychiatric classification system and hypothesized biological causes for syndromes.

Question 18

What are the criticisms of previous DSM editions regarding cultural considerations?

Answer 18

Lack of attention to cultural and ethnic variations in psychological disorders.

Question 19

What is the purpose of the cultural formulation interview in DSM-5?

Answer 19

To aid understanding of how a person’s culture may shape their clinical presentation.

Question 20

True or False: DSM-5 includes an appendix with cultural concepts of distress.

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

What are some criticisms of the DSM-5?

Answer 21

Loosened criteria for diagnosis, over-pathologization, and high rates of comorbidity.

Question 22

What does the HiTOP model focus on?

Answer 22

How symptoms and syndromes co-occur.

Question 23

What is the RDoC framework?

Answer 23

Focuses on risk variables relevant for many conditions, aiming to identify genetic and neuroscience correlates.

Question 24

What is categorical classification?

Answer 24

Determining whether a person belongs to a discrete grouping/diagnosis.

Question 25

Define dimensional diagnostic system.

Answer 25

Describes the degree to which a trait/condition is present.

Question 26

How has the reliability of the DSM changed over iterations?

Answer 26

Criteria have become more explicit, increasing inter-rater reliability.

Question 27

What is the general criticism of diagnosing psychological disorders?

Answer 27

Can increase stigma and cause worry in the individual.

Question 28

What is a clinical interview?

Answer 28

A discussion between a clinician and their patient to determine diagnosis and treatment options.

Question 29

What is the difference between a structured and an unstructured clinical interview?

Answer 29

Structured interviews have planned questions; unstructured interviews rely on clinician's intuition.

Question 30

What is the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS)?

Answer 30

The most comprehensive interview measure of life stress.

Question 31

What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

Answer 31

* Alarm Reaction * Resistance * Exhaustion

Question 32

Define Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).

Answer 32

Traumatic or stressful events in childhood.

Question 33

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

Answer 33

A test designed to detect several psychological problems.

Question 34

What are projective tests?

Answer 34

Assessment tools where a person responds to ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious processes.

Question 35

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Answer 35

A projective test where a person describes what they see in inkblots.

Question 36

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 36

The notion that highlighting stereotypes interferes with performance on tests.

Question 37

What is the purpose of neuropsychological tests?

Answer 37

To pinpoint specific areas of cognitive functioning impairment.

Question 38

What does brain imaging allow us to do?

Answer 38

See structural and functional aspects of the brain.

Question 39

What is the purpose of functional MRI (fMRI)?

Answer 39

Measures both function and structure of the brain.

Question 40

What does PET scan measure?

Answer 40

Brain function and structure using a radioactive tracer.

Question 41

What does fMRI measure in the brain?

Answer 41

Blood flow using the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal ## Footnote More neurons firing results in more blood flow in that area, allowing for estimation of neural activity.

Question 42

What is the primary function of a PET scan?

Answer 42

Measures brain function and structure using a radioactive isotope tracer ## Footnote The tracer is injected into the bloodstream, and emitted light particles are detected to assess neurotransmitter functioning.

Question 43

What type of radiation does SPECT measure?

Answer 43

Gamma rays produced by injected radioisotopes ## Footnote It generates images of activity in different regions of the brain.

Question 44

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

Answer 44

An electromagnetic coil placed on the scalp emits electric pulses to the brain ## Footnote TMS is sometimes referred to as rTMS for repetitive stimulation.

Question 45

What is the purpose of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)?

Answer 45

Applies a weak current to the brain using electrodes for several minutes ## Footnote tDCS is sometimes referred to as rTDCS for repetitive stimulation.

Question 46

What has FDA approved rTMS for?

Answer 46

Treatment resistant depression and OCD ## Footnote rTMS combined with fMRI can help identify brain networks and functional connectivity problems.

Question 47

What is cultural competence in psychology?

Answer 47

Training that prepares psychologists to work with diverse cultural, racial, and ethnic groups ## Footnote It involves understanding and addressing cultural differences in clinical settings.

Question 48

What does cultural humility involve?

Answer 48

Awareness of one’s own culture and biases, and commitment to learn about cultural impacts ## Footnote It recognizes differences and inequities in clinical contexts.

Question 49

What can result from cultural and racial biases in assessment?

Answer 49

Over- or underestimation of psychological problems in different groups ## Footnote Cultural assumptions can lead to mistakes in diagnosis and treatment.

Question 50

How can graduate training programs help reduce bias in assessment?

Answer 50

By incorporating cultural competence and humility ## Footnote This training prepares clinicians to better understand and assess clients from diverse backgrounds.

Question 51

What are the ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests?

Answer 51

Guidelines published by the International Test Commission covering test context, development, and adaptation ## Footnote They emphasize the importance of accurate translation and cultural relevance in assessments.

Question 52

True or False: Just translating an assessment guarantees its reliability across cultures.

Answer 52

False ## Footnote Testing with native speakers and multiple translators is important to ensure validity.

Question 53

What is a key finding from cross-cultural research on emotional discrepancies?

Answer 53

Greater discrepancies between desired and actual feelings are associated with depression ## Footnote This highlights the impact of emotional expression on mental health across cultures.

Question 54

Fill in the blank: A measure developed for one cultural group may not be equally _______ with a different group.

Answer 54

reliable and valid

Question 55

What is the role of structured interviews in clinical assessments?

Answer 55

They reduce the likelihood of overdiagnosing individuals from different racial and ethnic groups ## Footnote Structured interviews provide a more standardized approach to assessment.