PSYC 311 Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Delayed Non-Matching to Sample Task

Answer 1

Object A + reward --> Object A + B --> monkey must learn which is new object to get reward from it. A: learned the fastest; no impairment at all A+: learned H+: learned A+H+: did not learn this recognition task Thus damage to amygdala or hippocampus ALONE will not cause recognition impairments

Answer 2

Present monkey with object A --> delay --> present an identical object A2 and ask *where* the initial object A was. This is a spatial location task. A+ ? H+ lesion: could not perform A+H+: could not perform Thus even just a hippocampal lesion is sufficient to produce spatial memory impairment

Answer 3

Two objects are presented to the monkey --> one object is consistently associated with a reward. Monkeys with inferotemporal lesions were unable to do this task (lesion to 'what' stream), but monkeys with posterior parietal lesions performed fine

Answer 4

Two identical objects are placed near a 'landmark' obkect. The reward is hidden under one of the two identical objects - the one that is near the landmark! The position of the landmark randomly shifts and the monkey must decide where the reward is, monkey must decide where the object with the reward is. It is always the object located closest to landmark --> monkeys with posterior parietal lesions failed at this task, but monkeys with inferotemproal lesions did fine

Answer 5

1. If patient performs poorly on memory tests, verbal or nonverbal, or any cognitive tests 2. If EEG/MRI show bilateral damage to the temporal lobes 3. If EEG, MRI, and neuropsychology findings don't agree

Answer 6

1. If patient is left or mixed handed 2. Patient has atypical speech 3. If patient has lesions or seizures in the speech areas, because it suggests that language is not localized in these normal areas (ex: if patient suffers early injury to left hemisphere) 4. If patient scores low on dichotic listening tests (ex: right handed person should report more right answers from the right ear)

Answer 7

V1: tiny RFs, respond to specific tiny spots of light of specific orientation, representation is contralateral (left hemisphere V1 neurons respond to specific parts of the right side of the retina) V2: larger RFs, responds to "L shapes" aka integration of lines aka more complex V3: no longer respond to the same stimuli - more complex now IFT: neurons have very large RFs, some even as large as entire visual field, can see whole object. These neurons are bilateral and whether they are neurons in L or R hemisphere, they can respond to either the LVF or RVF. Overall: as you go form V1 --> IFT, the receptive fields become smaller and more specific and complex

Answer 8

Grandmother cell theory: specific neurons coding for every single object (Jennifer Anniston neuron) Hebb/Tanaka: cell assemblies/groups of neurons firing assembly, one following the others, because the brain creates general neuronal groups that encode for the same *features* Ex: show a picture of a tiger --> neurons fire rapidly, whereas they didn't fire when shown picture of a lion, but the same neurons fired to *any* circular face with stripes! --> this Hebb/Tanaka theory is much more likely

Answer 9

Classic textbook visual agnosia. Patient can perceive, see the object, but cannot interpret it. When the object is presented through a different sensory modality, the patient can identify it (ex: can draw it). Caused b damage to inferotemporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus. - These patients can match two objects together (match to sample) and draw them, UNLIKE the apperceptive visual agnosia patients! - They fail to name or describe the object when it is presented in the visual modality - but when presented in another modality, they can name and describe it - They also fail to sort objects & pictures into categories - often accompanied by alexia, color agnosia, and proposagnosia - if the stimulus is presented through another modality with a blindfold on, the patient can identify it, but when they take the blindfold off, even if they're still holding or smelling it or hearing it, they find it harder to identify it!

Answer 10

The patient is not blind but there are problems with visual perception due to damage to the preistriate areas - V1 is intact but possibly V2, and often V3/4/5 are damaged (bilateral striate and prestriate areas are lesioned). These patients cannot draw as well as the associative visual agnosia patient, and they cannot match two identical objects properly. Many are reported blind until they can report that they can see, just not clearly. - Visual recogniton: impaired - Drawing: impaired - Matching to sample (match object A to same object A): impaired - Unable to point to objects named by the examiner - The visual field shrinks when they focus on something

Answer 11

"Face Agnosia" - can identify any object or animal, etc., but cannot recognize faces. Caused by lesion to RIGHT fusiform gyrus - not left; or bilateral lesion to the cortex + white matter of the occipitotemporal gyrus; or may involve the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, which terminates in the anterior TE --> limbic system thus proposagosia might be a visual-limbic disconnection May just be a more severe form of apperceptive and associative agnosia, or may be a form of memory disorder! Evidence --> many proposagnosiacs cannot remember new faces.

Answer 12

- Inability to work, to construct in a spatial framework (ex: building blocks) - Caused by damage to the right posterior parietal cortex or the occipitoparietal lesion, oR ALSO ANTERIOR PARIETAL! - no correlation between impairment and size of lesion or rate of recovery - Constructional apraxia is positively associated with dementia - Patients with left hemispheric damage can also get Constructional Aopraxia, usually accompanied by aphasia - Kleist's idea of the constructional apraxic patient: LH damage, no impairment on visuopercptual tasks, only fails when manipulative tasks are required - A RH lesion would produce visuoperceptual and viusoconsturctive impairments - LH lesions may not produce visuoperceptual deficits

Answer 13

- Ignoring the left side of the visual field as a result of right posterior parietal damage - Different from RHH in that although both have loss of one visual field, in RHH the patient has damage to striate areas and is aware of the deficit and thus compensates for it. In unilateral neglect, can tell a patient that they are ignoring half the page/drawing/etc, and they will quickly go back to ignoring it. Not due to striate cortex damage but rather to damage of the posterior parietal areas in the right hemisphere.

Answer 14

Shows the reward to monkey --> hide it under object --> screen (delay) --> ask monkey to identify where it is. Patients with strictly PFC (no premotor or motor) lesions could not perform this task. OR: at a cue, one of 2 stimuli light up --> delay --> after delay, both area lit. Monkey must decide which was lit before. During the delay, some neurons in the lateral PFC respond as if they are maintaining the information during the delay --> gave rise to idea that perhaps the PFC is critical for working memory

Answer 15

Both objects have a reward at first, then soon you alternate with only 1 reward from left to right object. Monkeys with strictly PFC lesions could not do this task.

Answer 16

- H.M. Could perform this task - Patients with dorsolateral PFC lesions could not perform this task - could not disengage, no cognitive flexibility --> cannot discover many alternative ways of answering

Answer 17

Patients with PFC lesions have no impairment in short term memory --> administering these spans would show no impairment, they would perform well. Unlike the temporal patients, they do not have a memory problem! The temporal patients cannot recite spans longer than their SHORT term memory can hold because they cannot store the span in long-term memory.

Answer 18

Patients gets stuck on one pattern/answer and cannot shift to another; seen in WCST after damage to the mid-dorsolateral PFC in areas 46 and 9

Answer 19

Working memory is a subdivision of short-term memory that is found all over the cortex. In the mdlPFC it involves the mid-dorsolateral PFC (areas 46 and 9), in the parietal cortex it involves rearrangement, in the temporal cortex it invovles storing sounds

Answer 20

Instead of asking patients to just hold pictures in mind for a few moments, this test asks them to *choose* pictures and then, once shown again, select the ones they had chosen. This requires not only short-term memorization of the photos but also requires their tracking. The mid-dorsolateral (46/9) is critical for this tracking of information.

Answer 21

Involved in selecting responses from a variety of competing, alternative possibilities - selector mechanism of the PFC. Also invovled in top-down visual control of attention (because area 8 has projections to both the dorsal and ventral streams of vision). Patients with pdlPFC lesions have trouble selecting but no trouble tracking, Patients with mdlPFC lesions have toruble tracking but no trouble selecting --> DOUBLE DISSOCIATION Contains 2 areas: area 8 and area 6 Area 8 --> "if __, then --", but no trouble completing the movement Area 6 --> problems in te conditional selection of the actual movement, but not of the object (color) Note: this type of color/movement/if__then__ task is *NOT* impaired in mdlPFC lesions; people with mdlPFC lesions have no trouble selecting based on choices, they have trouble tracking information THEY chose - dorsolateral PFC is also invovled in impairments of wisconsin card sorting task

Answer 22

- Area 8 connects to both the dorsal and ventral stream of vision --> critical for visual control of attention. - Problems with TOP-DOWN attention (internal cognitive attention, not external stimuli) - Problems with "if __, then __"

Answer 23

H.M.: temporal damage; Wisconsin card sorting test was intact but facial recognition task was impaired K.M.: PFC damage; Wisconsin card sorting test was impaired but facial recognition was intact

Answer 24

- Sensory and perceptual abilities intact, could not remember faces or his work, but could draw accurate floor plan of his house and schema of his neighborhood - Mirror drawing task: intact (procedural) - Visual discrimination task (show 2 objects, pick the right one each time): intact --> he didn't remember that he had already done the task, but he subconsciously knew - Wisconsin Card Sorting: intact - Perceptual tasks: intact - Facial recognition (12 pics --> delay --> 25 pics, select the 12 previously seen): impaired Note: any delay infers long-term memory - Mooney Face Perception Task: intact - Hidden Figures Test (patient must find geometric patterns amongst a a scribble of lines): impaired (this was surprising because he had done so well on other perceptual tasks - idea: perhaps this task tests perception AND long-term memory, his short-term memory was overtaxed) - Maze learning: impaired. The sequence of turns must be learned over time. The maze had to be shortened for him to fit into his immediate span. Once they fit into his span, it took 155 trials to get the maze right, but at least he learned it! He retained some informtion, but never a day without a completely perfect string of trials, and there was no transfer of information when trying longer maze - Goblin Incomplete Pictures Task: intact, but did not learn as quickly as controls - shows evidence of (slow) perceptual learning - Seashore Tonal Memory Test: play 3 notes --> play 3 notes again with 1 has changed. H.M was able to tell which one changed. Thus there is an intact capacity for immediate registration of information. - he also remembered instructions sometimes ("what is the use of the stylus?") - spatial orientation was intact but he failed at geometric design tests and recognition of patterns, faces (nonverbal) - he could not master sequences beyond his immediate span (verbal) Thus he failed at both verbal and nonverbal memory tasks. BUT he learned motor and procedural tasks and perceptual tasks, such as mirror drawing and maze! - he performed better on short term memory tasks such as digit span than he did befoe his surgery! Bc they removed epileptic tissue

Answer 25

Perceptual task where the patient has to organize a face out of a black and white pattern and then guess age and gender. H.M did well on this task, but patients with damages to right temporal lobotomy and right temporal-occipital region had impairments

Answer 26

H.M: took a long time but if the maze was in his span, he learned it (motor) Frontal lobe lesion patients: marked impairment in maze learning

Answer 27

H+A+ and H++: same deficits, and in fact, H++ showed even more impairment H+: some impairment A+: mild impairment A: no impairment PRHP: lesion to the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex, sparing the hippo, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. About the same severity as H+A+, and worse than H+.

Answer 28

1. The IT and PP cortex are reliant on the striate cortex for input, but the PP cortex does not receive much input via the corpus callosum - each PP cortex is mainly concerned with substrates for contraalteral spatial function 2. The IT cortex relies on central field of vision (lateral striate cortex input, LGN) moreso than peripheral field of vision (medial striate cortex) for object discrimination, whereas central and peripheral vision are equally important for the posterior parietal cortex.

Answer 29

1 neuron: 1 stimulus

Answer 30

The same neruons respond to the same stimulus regardless of its orientation (side profile, etc)

Answer 31

- The result of bilateral lesion to the parietal or parietal-occipital region - 3 components 1. Gaze apraxia (inability to shift the gaze) 2. Spatial restriction of attention (difficulty in shifting attention to another stimulus) 3. Optic ataxia/Visuomotor ataxia

Answer 32

- Disorder in the perception of one's own body where a person suffering from disability is unaware of it: neglect or denial or paralysis, phantom limb, etc - "Lack of insight" - Damage to posterior parts of right hemisphere

Answer 33

Inability to identify or point to body parts on verbal instruction. Inability to point to body part after a VERBAL command is due to LEFT parietal-occipital lesion. Also includes finger agnosia and right/left disorientation.

Answer 34

- Lack of name - Patient cannot name an object but they can indicate visual recognition by other means (can describe it, gesture it, etc) - Presenting the object through another sensory modality DOES NOT WORK, unlike in the visual agnostic patient (ex: have them smell it, touch it --> still cannot name it)

Answer 35

- Like in visual anomia, patients cannot name the object | - Howevr, when presented in another modality, they can! This is unlike visual anomia

Answer 36

- Patients cannot name colors or point to a color named by the examiner - Includes: 1. Central achromatopsia/dyscrhomatopsia 2. Color anomia 3. Specific Color Aphasia

Answer 37

- loss of color vision ("world in b&w") - verbal-verbal tasks: intact ("what color is a banana?") - color perception tasks: impaired - lesion: uni/bilateral damage to inferior ventromedial occipital lobe, involving lingual and fusiform gyri

Answer 38

- cannot name colors when looking at it or identify colors of an object when looking at it - perform well on visual-visual tasks (color matching) and verbal-verbal tasks (what color is a banana? --> they know! But if you show them a banana and ask what color, cannot name) - fail at visual-verbal tasks

Answer 39

- resembles color anomia but unlike anomic patients, aphasic patients fail at visual-verbal tasks AND verbal-verbal tasks (cannot name the color regardless of whether it is presented visually or just asked)

Answer 40

- 2 stimuli together --> delay --> 2 stimuli together, need to decide if they are the same as before - patients with PFC lesions are impaired; have trouble dissociating from previous trial

Answer 41

- subjects are shown cards, each having 2 images on them - on some cards, ? Is placed b/w the two images and subject must estimate which image was shown more recently - frotnal lobe patients: impaired in recnecy, no impairment i nrecognizing the images - temporal patients: no impairment in recency, but impairment in recognizing the images * the right frontal lobe is more impaired

Answer 42

- Memory impairment, especially in recognition. | Why? --> These orbital and medial frontal areas project to and resemble the medial temporal limbic structures.

Answer 43

- subjects are presented with different arrangements of the same set of stimuli. On each trial, must select a difernet stimuli, until all have been chosen. Requires tracking. Mid-dorsolateral pFC lesion causes severe impairment.

Answer 44

Patient has intact hearing but fails to comprehend spoken (not written) speech, and can speak/write normally. Wernicke's area is intact but there is damage to the adutiory pathways; but hearing is fine because of the right hemisphere. But in the left hemisphere, auditory information cannot reach WA's, so patient cannot understand spoken language.

PSYC 311 Final Exam Flashcards

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