psyc 333 final; chapters 6-10 Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
at this stage development tis synchronous or dysyncronous?
A
disynchronous; lots of turmoil and stress in mind and relationships
2
Q
what age range is adolescence
A
3
Q
adolescence is a period of ___ change across the following dev areas
A
dramatic; biological, cognitive, psychologicl,. mental, emotional, interpersonal and edu and social
4
Q
adolescnwece is a period of increased
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risk; risk taking behaviours etc
5
Q
adolescence: normative life influence
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age graded influence, such as school transitions
6
Q
adolescence: non normative life influence
A
parental divorce
7
Q
adolescence: history graded influnece
A
global or international events; ie covid pandemic
8
Q
adolescence: bipsychosocial vulnerability
A
stress; vulnerability at the interconnection of biological, psychological and social development adolescence bc of rapid changed in all systems including hormonal, neurological, cognitive, social change
9
Q
adolescence: synchronous vs dysynchronous changes
A
adolescence characteristics by accelerated growth and dev in one domain and slower dev i others; lack of synchrony in dev across systems at this stage
10
Q
biological changes in puberty
A
biological processes transform body into adult state capability or reproductivity; sex hormones increase; new set point that drives physical growthh incl heights muscle, body fat
11
Q
how do sex hormones increase in puberty
A
interact b.n environment and gender that reg hypothalamus to tell the pituitary gland to secrete more gonadotropins, leaving to growth in testes and ovaries, more sex hormones (androgens and estrogens(
12
Q
primary sex characteristics
A
internal organs that allow re[production
13
Q
secondary sex characteristics
A
observable changes in physical dev, heir growth, etc
14
Q
the starting age of puberty has ____ over past 150 yrs due to_____
A
decreased (younger ages); market changes in nutrition
15
Q
copenhagen birth data concerning puberty found that
A
as BMI increases (regardless of gender) the starting age of puberty decreases to be younger; meaning later generations are reaching puberty earlier than pervious ones
16
Q
u
A
17
Q
pubertal timing
A
considering when adolescents dev relative to other peers
18
Q
early maturation vs later maturation/pubertry
A
early maturation more neg for girls than boys; body image issues
late maturation more problematic for boys; body image of strength and size
hard for trans kids who dev into wrong bodies
19
Q
neuro dev in adolescence
A
mor whit ematter; more pruning of synapses; enviro influence matters lots
melotoon linked to sleep, later release means teens stay up later comb with social factors
20
Q
neuro dev and decision making
A
PFC reg behaviour, and sometim es caleld the breaks in tisz stage
Limbic region is the gas pedalm risk rewarxd pleasure; gap in rate of growth between these 2 parts
PFC dev later, so more risk takiong
21
Q
adolescence and piagets stage theory
A
Final stage of piaget; formal operations; can think about and perform concrete ops abstractly; perform operations in their mind
conquest if thought; inductive vs deductive reasoning g
Adolescents use overextension and apply to hypothgedic al cases; young children can do this with help
22
Q
info processing speed in adolescence
A
increases from childhood; facilitates cogn dev; supports formal amp abstract thinking; part of why they do better at formal reading tasks
22
Q
inductive vs deductive reasoning
A
Inductive; take observations or ideas from a source or past experienced and link to arrive at a probable outcome; sci meth uses tgis; bottom up processing
Deductive; start wit gen principle that guarantees an outcomes and aply it to real world; top down processing
23
Q
Erickson and adolescence
A
increased cogn capacities; thinking abstractly ad testing hypotheses, applied to the self
can think mor abratasctly about the self and the self in the future; imagining possible selves
24
self esteem in adolescence
because of increased ability to make abstract hypo comparisons and disparity b/n perceived self and ideal self; self esteem decreases in adolescence; also bc comparisons w others; correct with depression and anxiety
25
type of thinking in adolescence connected to self esteem
egocentricism; Everyone is watching them, imaginary audience
Hyper socially attuned in teenagehood; creating fable and hypothetical stories about what is happening in social situations
decrease in self esteem
26
adolescent egocentricism is amplified by what
sell and social media use making social comparison hard to avoid; constant audience with feedback in form pfnlikes, etc
Social comparison is difficult to escape
27
during adolescence people dev
positive and refined sense of self
Identity can be defined as sense of self that others also see; expression of thoughts, attitudes, behaviours, values that people define themselves by
Accoridjg to erikson, goal at this stage is to integrate past sense of self with future possibilities
28
ID construct
Not a single construct; multiple facets to negotiAte including sexulity, ethnicity, gender, poitics, voctaion, religion.
29
marcias typology
dominant model of identity, identity achievement model; ultimate aim so to get coherent identity; stage theory
30
4 phases of marcias typology of identity dev
Moratorium: period where exploration is happening, commitment has yet to be made
Achievement; adolescents have gone through exploration and evential commitment of who they wanna be
Foreclosure; Exploration limites, but commitment to n identity is made
Diffusion; least adaptive; adolescent did not explore and didn't commit;; no growth, no integration
31
recent identity process models priortize
process of formation over final status; diff ways of exploring ar more or less adaptive
32
identity process models; 4 pos processes, 2 risk processes
postive
-Exploration in breadth; lots of options for self
-Exploration in depth; focus on desired option
-commitment making; making sure on right track in taking steps to get to identity
-Identification with commitment; process of committing
risk
-Ruminative exploration; explroingv but nt in clear direction; no progress, not in commitment makin g or identification phase
Reconsideration of commitment; Person questions their choices; if they can move form questioning back into exploration its more adaptive tab n moving from questuoing into rimination
33
parental influence and role ion adolescence
lots of conflict that drops in later adolescence; renegotiating around rules like curfew, clothes, etc; desiring autonomy; transformation into eval relation
34
peer relation on adolescence
Become important context for socialization and dev of advanced social skills’;essential for identity development, peers provide reference group for comparison about behaviour
35
adolescence; 2 types of peer groups
Cliquesl; smaller, closer friendship based
Crowds; larger; follow stereotypes like sports, gaming othe rinterests
Most formed around schools, where adolescents spenfc most time
36
work context in adolescence
Facilitates ientity development and provides financial resources that can increase feelings of independence
Too many horus can have negative impacts on school work; could apso provide top kucg acces to older peers
37
cad graduation rates f HS
mor girls than boys; 79% finish in expected time
38
Distalproximal development
overall physical growth spurt. The growth proceeds from the extremities toward the torso
39
primary sex characteristics
spermarche; first semen ejaculation
menarche; first menstrual period
40
what is acne
pimples on the skin due to overactive sebaceous (oil-producing) glands during adolescence
41
which system linked to hormone changes in puberty
limbic
42
function of oxytocin and dopamine on adolescence
Dopamine is involved in reward circuits.
Oxytocin facilitates bonding and makes social connections more rewarding.
43
maudley approach to anorexia
parents actively involved in their child’s treatment, such as assuming responsibility for feeding the child
44
CBT in binge and purging ED in adolescence
assists sufferers by identifying distorted thinking patterns and changing inaccurate beliefs.
45
hypothetical deductive reasoning in adolescence
developing hypotheses based on what might logically occur; adolescents do this while children cannot
46
adolescence: imaginary audience
adolescent’s belief that those around them are as concerned and focused on their appearance as they themselves are.
47
adolescence understand concept of transitivity, meaning
relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements logically related to the first two, such as if A
48
adolescence; intuitive thought vs analytic thought
intuitive: automatic, unconscious, and fast, and it is more experiential and emotional
analytic: deliberate, conscious, and rational.
49
status dropout rate in adolescence
refers to the percentage of 16 to 24 year-olds who are not enrolled in school and do not have high school credentials
50
MAMA cycling of ID in adolescence
cycling between exploration and achievement is common not only for ethnic identity formation, but in other aspects of identity development
moving back and forth between moratorium and achievement.
51
Bicultural identity
individual sees himself or herself as part of both the ethnic minority group and the larger society
52
multiracial ID
parents come from two or more ethnic or racial groups, have a more challenging task; may have ambiguous appear
53
adolescence: homophily
adolescents who are similar to one another choose to spend time together in a “birds of a feather flock together” way.
54
deviant peer contagion
process by which peers reinforce problem behavior by laughing or showing other signs of approval that then increase the likelihood of future problem behavior.
55
emerging adulthood characterized by
trans from adolescence to adulthood; trans from dep on OG fam to self reliance an inter dep in realms of romance work, comm, etc
56
emerging adulthood transition dep on
contexts of socio-economic conditions that allow prologened transition
57
emergent adult theory came from; common markers are
acknowledging that transition has changed, and markers of transpiration have shifted; grad, full time job, long term romance, identities
58
over past decades, marks of emerge adult have
become individualized and heterogenous; millstones moving to be at later age; diff in timing and order;
59
health paradox in emerge adult; strengths and risks
at this stage, peak physical health in strength, energy agility
increased health risk behaviours like smoking, poor eating habits, substance abuse, unprotected sex, mental health issues, implications may be offset due to health peak
60
limbic and PFC in emerge adulthood
disparity between limbic and PFC dev narrows, increasing logical decision making
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synchrony in emerge adulthood
consolidation into young adulthood;l gradual return to synchrony
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post formal thought in emerge adult
synchrony in cogn functioning; experience incorporated into thought and reasoning
more pragmatic and less idealistoic; informes less by social context
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dialectical thought in emerge adult
people can access and find reconcile, and understand contradictions; thinking less dichotomous
64
info processing in emerge adult
Efficient and integrated system; peak processing speed, improved reg of though, incorporation of experience into thought
65
in canada, rates of post secondary edu are
rising steadily for opast 20 years cross all socioeconomic brackets
66
neet youth
not in employment education or training; some caring fpr kids, or pursuing other activities like travel; most are seeking work;
Less likely to report positive health or life satisfaction; more likely to report mood or anxiety disorders
67
emerge adult psychosocial dev, erikson
ID exploration and consolidation; Erickson ID vs role confusion occurs in emerge adult; positive resolution preps your adults for intimacy vs isolation stage
68
esteem in emerge adult
increases into young adulthood
Adolescent thinking left behind
Identity consolidated; self esteem increases
69
what is personality
characteristic or routine ways of thinking feelings and relating to others
Combo of temperament with cultural and enviro influences
70
5 factors of personality
Openness to experience’; curisotyty and appreciation of multiple experiences
Conscientiousness; self discipline, sense of dutym acienving education
Extraversion; positive experiences and suimul;ated in comapny of other s
Agreeableness; compassionate, cooperative, and attuned to social ahrmony
Neuroticism; negative emotions, can be referred to as emotioally unstable
71
personality in emerge adult
greater expression of all 5 traits with cognition an did consolidation occurs; becomes stable into mid adults we interact with enviros as adults
71
consolidation of self oil emerge adult leads to
navigation of adult roles and relationships including romantic, friendship
Est equal relationships with siblings and parents; becoming parents, and contributing to community in work, etc
72
attachment theory
early attachy patterns transferred from parents to romantic partnerships; how willing we are to engage on romantic relationships
73
attraction
how similarity, proximity, and familiarity impact who were attracted to; who were willing to interact with
74
stern bergs triarchic theory of love
Consummate love;
intimacy; ability the share feelings, personal thoughts and psychological closeness with the other
passion; intense, physical attraction partners feel toward one another
commitment; conscious decision to stay together.
75
emerge adult and romance
period of risk or growth and opportunity; relationships common but so is DV, more women than men are vics
76
transition of parenthood and emerge adult
the average age of first child has become later; more often in the 30s than in the 20s, as more young people are entering working later
77
parenting in emerge adult; influences on parenting (3)
parent characteristics; personality, dev history, mental healht, beleifs, knolwedge, gender, age
Child characteristics; temperment, gender, skils, behaviour, age, health
Contextual characteristics; social network, work setting, neighbourhood, school, culture
78
choices for vs circumstances of being childfree
choice:
-more and more do this for ethical or enviro reasons;'
-Lack of iterest in being a parents
-To seek other ways of contributing to society
circumstances
- Infertility
-Not finding a mate earlier in life
79
bmi measure is
weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
80
sex vs gender
sex=physical or physiological differences between males, females, and intersex persons, including both their primary and secondary sex characteristics
gender=social or cultural distinctions associated with a given sex.
81
gender ID
sense of self as a member of a particular gender
82
two spirit
modern umbrella term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe gender-variant individuals in their communities.
83
transvestite
dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally associated with another sex.
84
gender role and sex orientation
gender role= society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and behave.
sexuality= sexual interest in and attraction to others, as well as their capacity to have erotic experiences and responses.
85
sexual motivation/libido
person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.
86
sexual response model; 4 pts
describes the physiological responses that take place during sexual activity
excitement phase: intrinsic (inner) motivation to pursue sex arises.
plateau: sexual excitement with increased heart rate and circulation that sets the stage for orgasm
orgasm: release of tension
resolution; unaroused state before the cycle begins again.
87
what is the hypothalamus
small area at the base of the brain consisting of several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receives input from the limbic system.
88
oxytocin is the....
hormone of love, is released during sexual intercourse when an orgasm is achieved.
89
follicle stimulating hormone is
responsible for ovulation in females by triggering egg maturity; it also stimulates sperm production in males
90
luteinizing hormone
triggers the release of a mature egg in females during the process of ovulation.
91
STI's are
illnesses that have a significant probability of transmission by means of sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, anal sex, and oral sex.
92
post formal thought
Adults are not as influenced by what others think: this advanced type of thinking
93
occupational sexism
discriminatory practices, statements, or actions, based on a person's sex, that occur in the workplace.
94
temperament
innate characteristics of the infant, including mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity, noticeable soon after birth.
95
epigenesis
how environmental factors are thought to change gene expression by switching genes on and off.
96
attachment related anxiety vs avoidance
anxiety; extent to which an adult worries about whether their partner really loves them.
avoidance; whether an adult can open up to others, and whether they trust and feel they can depend on others.
97
consensual validation
Having others like and believe in the same things we do makes us feel validated in our beliefs,
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self disclosure
tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner.
100
mere exposure effect
tendency to prefer stimuli (including, but not limited to people) that we have seen more frequently.
101
function of rules of endogamy
indicate the groups we should marry within and those we should not marry in.
102
middle life dev characterized by
stability; usually not much changes; changes less dramatic in earlier and later dev periods
103
homogamy
marriage between people who share social characteristics.
104
growth vs aging (3 types of aging)
Shifting from change marked by growth to one marked by aging
Social aging; stressful intersections of work and family demands
Biological aging; declines in physical health
Psychological aging; mix of growth, decline stability
105
biological aging; primary and secondary
Primary aging: biol factors, mol.ecular and cellular changes; oxidative damage
Secondary aching;. Lifestyle factors, lack of physical exercise, poor diet
106
physical aging in midlife
physical peak in young adulthood; decline starts in young adulthood an carries ino middle adulthood
decreased lung and immune system function; fat and cholesterol accumulation; sensory loss, hormonal change
grain an thinning hair; looks skin and wrinkles, loss of muscle
107
what is menopause
process of physical change in women that happens over 10 years; loss of period
caused by hormonal changes; impacts physical function
108
perimenopause and symptomatic difficulties
perimenopause is the ptah to menopause, many symptoms; may overlap with symptoms of other diseases that emerge in this peirod leading to common misdiagnosis
109
menopause manifesto
how women relate to transition varies culturally, etc; some portrayals are positive some are negative
Range of symptoms and long period so diff in experiences
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avg age of menopause
many have symptiosn in early 40s but avg age is 51
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menopause symptoms
Inability to fall asleep
Hot flashes, surges of adrenaline
Vaginal lubrication that diminishes
Vaginal wall becomes thinner and less elastic
Can lead to osteoporosis and decreased bone mass
Depression, irritability and weight gain associated with menopause
Sore stiff joints
112
mid life; risk of chronic disease
Heart disease bc increased cholesterol.
Hypertension
Obesity; cancer; diabetes; arthritis; digestive problems; sleep disorders; functional limitations
113
gene environment interacts in mid life
Epigenetics, and study of peopel conceived during dutch famine; not fully seen till midlife after mid life propelled them into diseased states
114
cogn decline in mid adult
decline and stability are all evident dep on which part of c ignition is looked at
Related to early phsy changes; like declines in senseory function, esp those that affect neuro functioning
Vision; hearing; taste; sensitivity to temp
115
cognitive aging in mid adult; intelligent types
Fluid vs crystallized intelligence distinction; corresponds w early distinction
Increase in fluid intell until age 30 follow by decline
Crystallized intelligence increases gradually over life course
Change patterns; dramatic decline in perceptual speed; decline in numeric ability;other facts show stability across midlife, declines occurring latter
116
fluid vs crystallized intelligence in mid life
Fluid; ability to reason and think abstractly
- Abstract reasoning and flexible thinking; mechanics of cognition; peaks in mid 20s and then decline s
Crystallized intelligence
- Derived form previous experience
- Accumulated knowledge and expertise
- Increases until age 50+
- Pragmatics of cognition
117
mid adult; info processing model
with sensory aging (decline in fluid intelligence) info entering cogn system may be compromised and info processing begins to slow
Crystallized intelligence compensates for declines in fluid intelligence
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work in mid adult
Across life work levels are stab le, characterize dby expertise and seniority
Work perform positively affected by crystallize intelligence
Stability in employment, responsibility
119
in mid adult, self esteem
increases on avg
120
personality in mid adult
decrease in neuroticism followed by stability; neuroticism-emotional instab ilityl across adulthood emotions stabilize
stability in extraversion; with decrease in excitement seeking
Openness to experience; stab le, decrease in fantasy engagement
Conscien tiousness; stable, increase in competence and deliberation
Agreeableness; stable, increase in starigthforwardness and modesty
121
erikson in mid adult
generativity vs stagn ation
contributions to the world, and to next generation, can come from parenthood, or giving back to others
if not resolved; feelings of stagnation, bored, poor ,mental health
122
mid life crisis
carl jung dev term based on fail to resolve generatvity vs stagnation; however,
Believed to be time of confusion and turmoil
No consistent evidence of midlife crisis
Negative life events occur but people have resoucrss to cope; gen seen as stable and positive period
123
narrative Id theory
dev by dan madams; Distinction between gen an stagnation as element of 2 type sof life storues
We wrote and revisze fables and life stores; perusal tales that change over life course
124
narrative if theory; 2 types of life stories
Redeemptive stories; linked to genrativity
Bad to good; growth; perserverance; support. Agency
Contamination stories; linked to stagnation
Good to bad; loss; regret; negative emotions
125
social aging in mid adult
everything in context of busty day to day lives; ntersections of others, work, fam and self in acieiving work life balance
126
stress vs stressor; mid adult
Stressor: stimulus in enviro placing demand on person
- Demands adaptive response tehretneing, demanding or challenging
Stress; response to stressor stimulus inability to cope
- Negative emotions; tention, overwhelm, anxiety
127
how are life event sand dev milestones classed as stressors; mid adult
Life events are stressors that may gen stress; sirsupt regular life
Dev milestone slike boeing parent, getting married, moving’ not always bad but mean change
128
eustress vs distress
Eustress: Stress from positive events
Distress Stress forn negativ events
129
chronic stressors and responses ; mid adult
parenting c challenges; caring for agig parents, etc
state of enduring arousal; dfemands seen as greater than resources; diff coping
Chronis stress responses; multiple demands fom how and work
130
general adaptation syndrome theory of stress; 3 stages
Alarm stage; resources and ability to cope breifly insiffiecent, alarm bells to warn need for better resources
Resistance stage; coping resources can sustain one through this stage
Exhaustion stage; resources may become depleted
131
implication for acute vs chronic stress
Acute;
Cardiovascular, phsycual exterion; metabolic, activate and maintain egenrrgy reserves; immune, response to pathogens; brian, learning, emory, neuroendocrine, autonomic regulation
Chronic;
Cardio, high BP, strok erisk, heart attack; metbaolic, obesity, diabetes, hardening of artery alls; immune, autoimmune dirosers, chronic inflammation, immuno suppression, cancer’ brian, cell atrophy, death, depression
132
suicide risk factors
- higer for males
- chronic stress
- difficulty in relations
133
divorce rates, mid adult
on avg after r14.5 years of marriage; 4/10 marriages
134
sources for stress in mid life
cosula supports, redemptive life stories, perservereancxe, generatively
135
136
primary aging vs secondary aging ; mid adult
primary: Biological factors, such as molecular and cellular changes, and oxidative damage
secondary: controllable factors, such as an unhealthy lifestyle including lack of physical exercise and poor diet
137
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and strength in aging
138
aging; floaters
spots or cobwebs that appear around field of vision
139
During midlife, adults may begin to notice a drop in ___, the ability to see in dimmer light.
Scotopic sensitivity
140
Dry eye syndrome
eye does not produce tears properly, or when the tears evaporate too quickly because they are not the correct consistency
141
aging; Atherosclerosis
buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease.
142
aging; Hypertension
high blood pressure, is a serious health problem that occurs when the blood flows with a greater force than normal.
143
Systolic vs diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure=pressure in the blood vessels when the heart beats
diastolic pressure; pressure in the blood vessels when the heart is at rest.
144
Diabetes
disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose in the blood.
145
cholesterol is
waxy fatty substance carried by lipoprotein molecules in the blood.
146
metabolic syndrome is
cluster of several cardiometabolic risk factors, including large waist circumference, high blood pressure, and elevated triglycerides, LDL, and blood glucose levels, which can lead to diabetes and heart disease
146
Rheumatoid arthritis
inflammatory disease that causes pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function in the joints.
147
Climacteric
midlife transition when fertility declines.
148
Flow
mental state of being completely present and fully absorbed in a task.
149
Tacit knowledge
knowledge that is pragmatic or practical and learned through experience rather than explicitly taught.
150
Plus 50 Initiative
assists community college in creating or expanding programs that focus on workforce training and new careers for the plus-50 population.
151
Glass ceiling
organizational discrimination in the workplace that limits the career advancement of women.
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153
Burnout
becoming disillusioned and frustrated at work.
154
Social integration
concept used to describe the number of social roles that you have.
155
Biofeedback
technique where the individual is shown bodily information that is not normally available to them (e.g., heart rate), and then taught strategies to alter this signal.
156
Problem-focused vs emotion focused coping
problem= actively addressing the event that is causing stress in an effort to solve the issue at hand.
emotion= regulates the emotions that come with stress.
157
Sandwich generation
adults who have at least one parent age 65 or older and are either raising their own children or providing support for their grown children.
158
kinkeeper
person or persons who keep the family connected and who promote solidarity and continuity in the family.
159
Empty nest
post-parental period, refers to the time period when children are grown up and have left home.
160
Empty nest syndrome
great emotional distress experienced by parents, typically mothers, after children have left home.
161
Boomerang kids
young adults who are returning after having lived independently outside the home.
162
Linked lives
people in important relationships, such as children and parents, mutually influence each other’s developmental pathways.
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164
2 common archetypes of divorcees
Enhancers= used the experience to better themselves and seek more productive intimate relationships
Competent loners= used their divorce experience to grow emotionally, but who choose to stay single.
165
religiosity vs spirituality
Religiosity=engaging with a formal religious group’s doctrines, values, traditions, and co-members
Spirituality=individual’s intrapsychic sense of connection with something transcendent and the subsequent feeling
166
late adulthood starts...
around age 65; retirement and role shirts
167
three stages of late adult
Young old; 65-84
Oldest old; 85-99
centenarians ; ages 100+
168
life expectancies of males
84.49
169
life expect of female
87.19
170
life expect _____ by a large amount over past century
increased; cont to increase; has risen from th e60s to beyond age 75
171
current cohort of older adults is what is known as
silent generation, born 1925-1945; during depression and between wars
172
baby boomers were born
after WW2;n 1946-1964; as this gen moves into older age brackets number of old pop increases bc significant number of boomer s
173
babies in the 1920s could expect to live to approx
65
174
why has life expectancy increased
less vaccines and knoweledge about childhood infectious diseases
175
hispanic, black and indigenous have___ life expect
lower; by 3 years for women and 5 years for men; in CAD life expect for indigenous is 5-10 years below nations avg
176
y do radicalized pops have lower life expect
Stress c contributed to disease processes; greater stress for marginalized people; greater rates of disease; effect is sshort life expect
Health disparities reduce life expect
Higher income and higher education level means longer life expect
some groups less access to feature start promote life expect
177
chronic conditions for those 65+
Arthritis
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
back prib lems
Diabetes
Cataracts
178
how many elders of chronic health conditions affect
20-50% of people over 65%
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programmed vs damage/error theories of biological aging; late adult
Programmed theories propose biol timeline for aging
damage/error; aging is result of enviro factors that cause cumulative damage
180
what is the actual cause for biological aging in late adult
enviro and genetic interaction
Aging as resulting from basic biol processes in advancement of cellular clock, limited by cell replication, caused by the telomere; when telomere shortens chromosome unravels
Enzyme Telomerase inhibits shortening, stress inferes and accelerates aging
In addition to lack of resources, presence of adversity contributes to stress and disparities in life expectancy; from marginalization
181
fluid vs crystallized intelligence in late adulthood
fluid; processing speed, attention (selective, divided, sustained) memory (working, short term, long term); rapid decline after age 70
crystallized; (expertise and self regulation) compensates for decliens in fluid intelligence; expertise and self reg stabilize
182
sensory and processing speed trends in late adult
decline; evident in fluid intelligence, espy when looking at working memory
declines in conscious processing memory (inaccurate sensory info, less effective storage in short term and integration into long term)
183
memory declines in late adult
decline in visual, spatial and auditory memory bc impairments in occipital lobe; impaired phonological loop
issues in working memory that impacts retrieval and reconstructed, compromised by degraded sensory info or short term limits compromising long term memory
184
late adults are better at _____ tests than ____ tests because
recognition; recall; they involve cues
185
long term memor; 3 parts
explicit or declarative memory
implicit or non declarative memory
prospective memory
186
explicit or declarative memory; 2 pts
Semantic memory; general knowledge; facts and knowledge tend to stay the same
Episodic memory; personal experiences; older people have more difficulty with this, more complex and may be similar to other episodes;
187
implicit or non declarative memory
Procedural memory; motor and cognitive skill;s
Conditioning and priming
188
prospective memory ; 2 types
long term memory that involve remembering to do something in the future;
Time based memories; remembering to do smt at future time
remembering to tke food ou of oven in 1 hour,
Event based memories; remembering to do smt when an event occurs
ie remembering to take food out at soun of a timer bell
Older adults are better tat this type
189
2 tore sod memory aids that help elder memory
Internal aids; related to crystallized intleligence
Expertise and metacoinition
Strats applied across life course
External aids
Re,minderds; agenda, alarm, med vosex
Other people, such as partner or family
Older couples who work on m,emory talss tgt outperform young adults bc they become experts in the way their parntwer thinks
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scaffolding theory of intelligence in late adult
Crystallized intelligence; scaffolds of compensates for decline in fluid intelligence
Pragmatics of intelligence; content rich
Culture dep; experience based; accumulates over time
Fluid intelligence as mechanics of cognition; basic info processing; content-poor; universal, biological
Genetically predisposed; declined in late adulthood
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2 clases of neurocognitive disorders
Major
Significant cognitive decline that interferes with independent functioning
Minor
Modest cognitive decline; does not interfere with independent functioning
Minor disorders can develop into major disorders
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what is the most common disorder in late adult
alzheimers; Progressive loss of function
From early brain changes ( to decline sin thinking to memory changes creating confusion; to loss of autonomy to inabiiuty to communicate
Accumulation of protein plaques and neurofibilary tangles
Genetic component and enviro factors cause stress
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which stage of psychosocial dev
ego integrity vs despair; positive resolution= acceptance of ones live as it was lived ; progression of self; do portoive reflect outweigh regrets
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self esteem in late adult
declines in later years
physical and cognitive problems can impair sense of self as indep and a capable person; so can social interpersonal changes, esp loss
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atchley retirement stages
pre-retire planning; fantasizing
immediate pre-retire phase; concrete planning
actual retire; current age is 64.5 (private=later)
honeymoon phase; immediately after, travel
disenfranchisement phase; emotional let down
reorientation phase; reorienting to new ways of life; creating new routine
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outcomes of retirement
More time on houswweork and ;eursure activities; socializing and communicating; TV videos; reading, using technology
Marital satisfaction improves into old age with leisure
Size of social network diminished;
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convoy model vs socioemotional selectivity theory in interpersonal dynamics of old age
convoy; passive, actions happen to elder
- losses of connections due to life events and changes in casual enviro; loss of friends to death
- Become widowed and rely on social support from others
socioemotional; More active model that accounts for declines outside loss
Person takes concrete actions
Selective with social contacts to max emotional well being
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social model of aging
meta theory, similar to waddingtons canal model
SELECTION; goals and priorities that are positive; new goals, prioritizing the most important
OPTIMIZATION;organization of effort; redirect and focus effort, energy, time and attention
Ie when grandparents, people may choose to focus time on them over friends
COMPENSATION;compensation; ID strats or resources to offset declines
Ie older person not wanting to drive may move closer to grandkids
- shifting form loss to growth mindset; relation process increases
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top 3 death causes in cA and US
cancer , heart disease, accidents
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wh
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what causes the most deaths in CA
cancer causes more than heart disease; in US its more heart disease
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trends in death rates by cancer and heart disease
cancer; steady since the 2000s
heart disease; declining, improved treatments for cholesterol
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in childhood, adolescence and young adult what accounts for most deaths
suicide, accidents
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deaths assoc with covid
more deaths than expected in 2020 bc of first wave
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different types of care for those who are dying
at home, in hospitals, hospice care
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how do infants/toddlers perceive death
still forming bonds and trust int caregivers; cant full understand death bit wit react in the same way as they do to parental separation
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reactions to death in early and mid childhood
kids begin to understand place in world; Thinking limit to conterec operations; understand absence but not the causes and finality of death
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late c childhood and adolescence perceptions of death
advances in cognition and self understanding; understandings of finality of death achieved, beginning to think more abstractly about it
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how is death perceived in adulthood to old age
Across adulthood prog from low to high to low death anxiety; phys health at peak in emerging and early adulthood; caretaking rep peak in middle adulthood for elders and health declines start
Adapt to own health challenge dna have had to cope with losses, leasing to increased acceptance
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who can apply for maid in CA
must be in advanced state of irreversible decline of capapability; enduring intolerable suffering udneraccepratvble conds; suffering thatc cannot be allievitaed under dconds the patient finds acceptable
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what does maid involve and when was it intro
involves admin of substance that causes death after request or patient meeting criteria; cond verified by special med professionals; contended to be compassionate and dignity supporting; law intro in 2016; foreseeable death removed in 2021; characterized by slow and disabling processes
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how many deaths in CA are maid
3.3%
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how many have had close friend or fam get maid
7% have had close friend; 8% have had fam member
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in canada there is more _____ for maid than ___
support than opposition; varies across concision and groups
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stance on mental health and disability maid
less support than there is opposition; mixed views by the with experiential knowledge; some advocate for better societal supports to alleviate discomforts assoc with mental ill or disability
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prep for death
some, esp those with neurodegen diseases, leave instructions for their med and finance care after death to alleviate their stress and that of fam
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reactions to death
bereavement; period after loss where grief and mourning are experienced
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grief vs mourning
grief; complex emotional reaction including sadness, anger, despair, feeling lost
mourning; process of adaptation; work to accept loss and move forward
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dual process model of bereavement
people move back and forth between the states before fully moving into mourning
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other factors that impact reactions to death
pattern of feeling and speed of processing dep on cause of death, age of deceased, relation to person impact on other aspects of life; religious practices also provide structure and support an can impact quality and speed of bereavement
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curative care
designed to overcome and cure disease and illness.
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social death
occurs when others begin to dehumanize and withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has been diagnosed with a terminal illness.
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palliative care
focuses on providing comfort and relief from physical and emotional pain to patients throughout their illness, even while being treated.
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hospice care
whether at home, in a hospital, nursing home, or hospice facility involves a team of professionals and volunteers who provide terminally ill patients with medical, psychological, and spiritual support, along with support for their families.
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advanced care planning is
all documents that pertain to end-of-life care.
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advance directives
documents that mention a health care agent and living wills.
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living wills
written or video statements that outline the health care initiates the person wishes under certain circumstances.
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durable power of attorney for health care..
names the person who should make health care decisions in the event that the patient is incapacitated
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medical orders are
crafted by a medical professional on behalf of a seriously ill patient.
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euthanasia
defined as intentionally ending one’s life when suffering from a terminal illness or severe disability.
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active euthanasia
intentionally causing death, usually through a lethal dose of medication.
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passive euthanasia
occurs when life-sustaining support is withdrawn.
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physician assisted euthanasia
is a form of active euthanasia whereby a physician prescribes the means by which a person can die.
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complicated grief
includes atypical grief reactions.
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disenfranchised grief
Grief that is not socially recognized
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