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APRIL MCAT > Psyc/Soc > Flashcards

Psyc/Soc Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Cones are highly concentrated in the:

A

Macula with the fovea

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2
Q

What is the correct path of light through the eye?

A

Cornea, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous humor

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3
Q

Which muscles play a major role in focusing the light on the retina?

A

Ciliary muscles

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4
Q

The top region of the retina is responsible for capturing light from the ____ field of view

A

Bottom

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5
Q

The principle of closure suggests…

A

That an individual perceives objects as being a whole when they are not complete

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6
Q

The principle of similarity suggests…

A

That elements that are similar tend to be grouped together because of shared visual characteristics such a shape, size, color, texture, etc

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7
Q

The principle of continuity refers to…

A

The mind’s inclination to see continuous patterns and/or paths as opposed to disjointed elements

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8
Q

The principle of proximity states that…

A

Objects that are closer to one another are perceived as one cohesive group regardless of whether they are similar in other characteristics

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9
Q

What is the pathway that a nerve impulse travels during a reflex arc?

A

Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

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10
Q

What are the big five personality traits?

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

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11
Q

What are self-schemas?

A

Labels that we give ourselves that have a set of qualities

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12
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Our overall sense of who we are

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13
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

How we feel about ourselves

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14
Q

What are Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

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15
Q

Secure attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by the child being distressed when the caregiver leaves and comforted when the caregiver returns

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16
Q

Avoidant attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by the child showing no preference between the caregiver and a stranger and showing no distress when the caregiver leaves and no comfort when the caregiver returns

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17
Q

Ambivalent attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by the child’s distress upon the caregiver leaving and a lack of comfort upon the caregiver’s return

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18
Q

Disorganized attachment style

A

Would be exemplified by a lack of clear pattern of responses to the caregiver leaving and returning

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19
Q

Explain the James Lange theory of emotion

A

According to this theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal

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20
Q

Give an example of the James Lange theory of emotion

A

You see a big snake, your heart starts to race, and then you feel scared

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21
Q

What does the Cannon Bard theory of emotion argue?

A

This theory argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently

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22
Q

Give an example of the Cannon Bard theory of emotion

A

You see a big snake, and feel fear and your body initiates its physiological fight or flight at the same time

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23
Q

How does the Schachter Singer theory view emotion?

A

This theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between physiological arousal and cognition. Specifically, physiological arousal is interpreted in context, which produces an emotional experience

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24
Q

Give an example of the Schachter Singer theory of emotion

A

You see a big snake, your body initiates its physiological fight or flight, you cognitively label this as fear, and you then feel fear

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25
What is McDonaldization?
Refers to the standardization of a type of institution across society, with a focus on efficiency and predictability
26
What is the social construction model?
In the social construction model, culture provides the foundation for understanding and interpreting behaviors
27
What does functionalism focus on?
The contributions that organizations and institutions make to society
28
What is symbolic interactionism?
A sociological perspective which attempts to understand human behavior by studying how people communicate using symbols which can vary depending on the context
29
What is a symbol to a symbolic interactionist?
Any object, image, sound, or action that carries meaning to humans
30
What is groupthink?
Refers to the desire of unanimity within the group overcoming the desires and opinions of the individual
31
What is conflict theory?
The process by which competing groups vie for limited resources
32
What does the hierarchy of salience suggest?
Suggests that individuals will hold identities that are higher in their hierarchy, or more important, as more relevant in a particular situation. The identities that hold the most importance will be those that set them apart in their given environment
33
What is a primary circular reaction?
Those involving repetitive behaviors centered on the body and which the child finds soothing
34
Example of a primary circular reaction
A child sucking their thumb or making sounds
35
What is a secondary circular behavior
Secondary circular behaviors involve and affect the child's environment
36
What is social reproduction
The tendency of individuals to belong to the same social class as their parents due to passing down of resources, lifestyle, and life expectations
37
What is the neurotransmitter released by the reward circuitry in the brain that modulates addiction?
Dopamine
38
Which study design considers participant responses only at a single point in time?
Cross sectional
39
What is deviance
A behavior that violates or differs from social norms
40
What is primary drive theory/drive reduction theory?
Motivation that stems from an organism's need meet its basic needs
41
Give an example of a behavioral script
Forming lines
41
What are behavioral scripts
They define a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation
41
What is cultural capital?
Any non-financial asset that helps improve an individual's position/status in society
42
What is a semantic network
A graphical representation of interconnected concepts or nodes, where each node represents a concept, and the links between nodes represent relationships or associations between those concepts
43
What is spreading activation?
A process within semantic networks wherein the activation of one concept spreads to related concepts, enhancing their accessibility and increasing the likelihood of their retrieval
44
What is affective processing?
Regulation of emotional states and regulation of emotional reactions
45
What is the actor-observer bias?
An actor tends to explain their behavior by situational factors, while an observer tends to explain the actor's behavior based on dispositional factors
46
What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm stage, resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage
47
What is group polarization
The idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group members
48
What is ascribed status
A social position that is assigned at birth
49
What are elements of a caste system
Rigid social hierarchy with poor social mobility
50
What are the three most important components that affect the demographics?
Fertility, mortality, and migration
51
What does the demographic transition theory suggest?
Suggests that future population growth will develop along with a predictable four-stage model
52
What is stage 1 of the demographic transition theory?
Birth, death, and infant mortality rates are all high, while life expectancy is short
53
What is stage 2 of the demographic transition theory?
Birthrates are higher while infant mortality and the death rates drop. Life expectancy also increases
54
What is stage 3 of the demographic transition theory?
Occurs once a society is thoroughly industrialized; birthrates decline, while life expectancy continues to increase. Death rates continue to decrease
55
What is stage 4 of the demographic transition theory?
The postindustrial era of society. Birth and death rates are low, people are healthier and live longer, and society enters a phase of population stability
56
What is paternalism?
Paternalism is characterized by the belief that people with high status have more right to make decisions than other people
57
What is an example of paternalism?
Doctors who offer more options to high status patients than to low status patients
58
What does the Just Noticeable Difference use to detect the difference between things?
Discrimination
59
What is the humanistic perspective centered on?
Centered on the use of free will and how to best apply it
60
A person demonstrating the social cognitive perspective would be most concerned with what?
The person would be most concerned with the effects of actions on others
61
What is meritocracy?
The belief that advancement or reward should be bestowed upon the most talented or accomplished members of a group
62
What is the basal ganglia responsible for?
Maintaining smooth movements and steady posture
63
How old are children in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
Birth - 2 years
64
What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence
65
How old are children in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
2 - 7 years
66
What occurs in the preoperational stage?
Development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism
67
How old are children in Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
7 - 11 years
68
What occurs in the concrete operational stage?
Mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical classification
69
How old are children in Piaget’s formal operational stage?
11 - Adulthood
70
What occurs in the formal operational stage?
Mental operations applied to abstract ideas; logical and systematic thinking
71
How old are children in the trust vs mistrust stage and what do they learn?
Children are birth - 1 year old, and they must learn that adults can be trusted
72
How old are children in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage and what occurs during this stage?
Children are 1 - 3 years old and they begin to explore their world and learn that they can control their actions and act on their environment to get results
73
How old are children in the initiative vs guilt stage and what occurs during this stage?
Children are 3 - 6 years old. They are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play
74
How old are children in the industry vs inferiority stage and what occurs during this stage?
Children are 6 - 12 years old. They begin to compare themselves to others and either feel pride and accomplishment or feel inferior and inadequate
75
How old are children during the identity vs role confusion stage? What occurs during this stage?
Children are 12 - 18 years old. They begin developing a sense of self during this stage.
76
What age does intimacy vs isolation occur? What happens in this stage?
This stage occurs between the 20s and 40s. People in this stage are deciding if they are ready to share their life with others
77
How old are people in the generativity vs stagnation phase? What occurs?
People are between 40 and 60. They are finding their life’s work and contributing to the development of others
78
When does integrity vs despair occur? What happens?
This occurs from 60s to death. People in this stage reflect on their life and feel satisfaction or despair
79
What is the definition of identification?
When someone outwardly accepts the idea of others even if they themselves do not believe them
80
What is compliance?
A change in behavior based on a direct request
81
Cluster A disorders
Consist of behavior patterns that are labeled as odd or eccentric, such as magical thinking, suspicion, and indifference towards others
82
Cluster B disorders
Consist of behavior patterns that are leveled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic
83
Cluster C disorders
Consist of anxious or fearful patterns of behavior
84
What is the anterior cingulate cortex involved in?
Higher order cognition; regulates impulse control and decision making
85
Which class of drugs typically leads to delusions of grandeur?
Amphetamines
86
Which class of drugs usually leads to relaxation?
Benzodiazepines
87
Which class of drugs usually leads to disinhibition?
Alcohol
88
Which drug usually leads to euphoria and decreased pain?
Heroin
89
What is social identity theory?
States that a person’s self concept is partially determined from their perceived membership in a social group
90
What is activation synthesis theory?
Attributes dreams to random neuronal activation
91
What is problem solving dream theory?
Dreams are a way to solve problems during sleep
92
What is the cognitive process dream theory?
Dreams arise from the stream of consciousness being continuous during arousal and sleep
93
What is the neurocognitive model of dreaming?
Combines biological and psychological perspective of dreaming with physiological change
94
What would a reactive social movement do?
A reactive social movement would oppose changing the status quo?
95
What would a proactive social movement do?
A proactive social movement agitates for change
96
What is absolute poverty?
A level of poverty in which an individual is unable to afford minimal standards of food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare.
97
What is relative poverty?
Relative poverty is a level of poverty in which an individual earns less than a predetermined income threshold that is relative to others in the population
98
What is anomie?
Anomie is a condition in which an individual may experience a sense of normlessness (lack of social norms) and may engage in anti-normative behavior
99
What is the looking glass self?
A theory of self concept that postulates that one's identity or self concept is based on their beliefs of how others perceive them
100
What does the humanist perspective focus on?
Cognition
101
What is the duplicity theory of vision?
Refers to the retina containing both rods and cones
102
What is belief perseverance?
When presented with information of varying opinion, people are more likely to believe information that confirms their opinion and discount evidence which refutes
103
How do ethnic groups emigrating to a more industrialized culture typically differ in terms of family size and lifespans?
They typically have larger families and shorter lifespans
104
What can conflict theory include?
Competition for limited resources OR inequality
105
Do reflexes use the brain?
Reflexes are unconscious responses which are automatic and do not require action in the brain
106
What is the hawthorne effect?
Changing behavior when knowing that the behavior is being studied

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