psyc test 2

Question 1

What is personality?

Answer 1

Long-standing traits influencing thoughts, feelings, behaviors.

Question 2

Who theorized the four temperaments associated with personality?

Answer 2

Hippocrates theorized that personality traits and behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four bodily fluids.

Question 3

What are the four temperaments according to Hippocrates?

Answer 3

1. Choleric (yellow liver bile)irritable 2. Melancholic (black kidney bile)likley to be sad 3. Sanguine (red blood from heart) sociable 4. Phlegmatic (white flem from lungs) calm

Question 4

Franz Gall - skull

Answer 4

proposed that distances between bumps on the skull could reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities.

Question 5

Wilhelm Wundt - personalit axsis model?

Answer 5

two-axis model, emotional and changeable

Question 6

psychodynamic approach - Sigmund Freud?

Answer 6

normal and abnormal behaviors are influenced by unconscious drives related to sex and aggression, alongside childhood sexuality.

Question 7

How does culture influence personality?

Answer 7

Culture shapes personality by influencing beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society.

Question 8

What is selective migration?

Answer 8

Selective migration explains regional personality differences, with people choosing to live in places that match their personalities and needs.

Question 9

What are individualist and collectivist cultures?

Answer 9

Individualist cultures prioritize independence and personal achievement, while collectivist cultures emphasize social harmony and group needs.

Question 10

What are the three approaches to studying personality in a cultural context?

Answer 10

comparative, indigenous, and combined approaches.

Question 11

What are self-report inventories?

Answer 11

objective tests used to assess personality, typically using multiple-choice items or numbered scales.

Question 12

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

Answer 12

a personality test that began with 504 true/false questions and was updated to the MMPI-2 with 567 questions.

Question 13

What is projective testing?

Answer 13

assesses personality by showing individuals ambiguous images and asking them to project their feelings or thoughts.

Question 14

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Answer 14

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a projective test used to assess personality by interpreting ambiguous inkblots.

Question 15

Pythagoras - personality?

Answer 15

Pythagoras believed physical appearance is a window on the psyche.

Question 16

Te whare tapa wha (haora)

Answer 16

a holistic model of health encompassing physical, cognitive, spiritual, and relational health.

Question 17

What is the DSM-5?

Answer 17

The DSM-5 is a comprehensive classification system listing recognized mental disorders with guidelines for diagnosis.

Question 18

What are the limitations of DSM diagnoses?

Answer 18

diagnoses are mostly categorical, failing to capture the dimensional nature of mental health conditions and do not identify the causes of problems.

Question 19

What is maladaptive perfectionism?

Answer 19

Maladaptive perfectionism is inflexible and associated with negative outcomes.

Question 20

What is the Dobson law?

Answer 20

The Dobson law states that a little physiological arousal and anxiety can enhance performance. ie exniety enahnces preformance beaus we care about it

Question 21

What are some symptoms of Dobson law?

Answer 21

Symptoms include sweating, tense muscles, feeling socially small, acting unpredictably, feeling butterflies, and shaking.

Question 22

What is an explanatory theory?

Answer 22

scientific explanation of how something works ie: evolution by natural selection.

Question 23

What is a transdiagnostic mechanism?

Answer 23

theory that applies across different problems or diagnoses.

Question 24

What is an example of a transdiagnostic mechanism in anxiety?

Answer 24

Avoidance, such as avoiding an assignment and closing the laptop, which leads to a feeling of relief.

Question 25

What is formulation?

Answer 25

a theory of individual's particular presenting problems rather a disorder.

Question 26

What is habituation?

Answer 26

when a baby loosing interest due to repetition in stimulus movements.

Question 27

normative protest paradigm

Answer 27

starts with a familiarisation phase, a warm-up phase, a demonstration phase, and an experimental phase.

Question 28

What is the purpose of the warm-up phase in experiments?

Answer 28

The warm-up phase helps children understand the premises of an experimental task and allows them to confidently explore the boundaries of the game.

Question 29

What is the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 29

people will favour their own group over others.

Question 30

cognitive & interpersonal function Uzgiris 1981?

Answer 30

cognitive function:promotes learning about events in the world and interpersonal function: promotes sharing experiences with others.

Question 31

What is Vygotsky's general law of cultural development?

Answer 31

tates that every function in a child's development appears twice.

Question 32

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 32

space between what they knoew vs what they learn from peer

Question 33

What is the limitation of intended actions according to Meltzoff 1995?

Answer 33

The limitation is that a mechanical device mimicking something can lead to an understanding of intention.

Question 34

What are instrumental stances?

Answer 34

Instrumental stances interpret behaviours as instrumental acts if the physical causal basis of an action is potentially knowable.

Question 35

What are ritual conventional stances?

Answer 35

interpret behaviour as a ritual act if it cannot be understood from the perspective of physical causality.

Question 36

lavater

Answer 36

assume the character of a person can be deduced from their facial features

Question 37

topographic model - sigmund freud

Answer 37

believes the mind could be divided into three regions: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

Question 38

nomothetic approach

Answer 38

studying common traits across people

Question 39

idiographic approach

Answer 39

studying unique combinations of traits within individuals

Question 40

factor analysis

Answer 40

a statistical method used to identify underlying structures in large sets of data, such as discovering the basic dimensions of personality.

Question 41

propinquity

Answer 41

the state of being close to someone or something -The closer you are to someone (geographically, residentially) the more likely you are to become to friends

Question 42

buss 1988

Answer 42

Being attractive more important for women than men, men likely to show off material resources, Stereotypically strong – men, Stereotypically fertile - women

Question 43

somatotypes:

Answer 43

3 types of body shape - ectomorphic, mesomorphic, and endomorphic

Question 44

taonga tuku iho

Answer 44

cultural aspirations, Acknowledging Māori ways of knowing and being

Question 45

ako maori

Answer 45

culturally preferred pedagogy, Honouring culturally preferred teaching methods

Question 46

kia piki ake i nga rauraru o te kainga

Answer 46

socio-economic mediation

Question 47

kaupapa

Answer 47

collective philosophy

Question 48

ata

Answer 48

respectful relationships, Ensuring that relationships with the participants and the community are nurtures and ongoing

Question 49

cultural idenitity

Answer 49

Homogeneous VS heterogeneous, feeling positive about being maori, Strong sense of maori cultural identity – high belonging, support, proud, high self esteem

Question 50

ethnic identity

Answer 50

Secure ethnic identity – positive outcomes, Ethnic identity exploration – negative outcomes, secure maori identity theorised to be a protective factor, viewing ethnicity as positive will have positive outcomes

Question 51

maori biomedical

Answer 51

1. Te taha tinana/physical health 2.Te taha whanau/relationship health 3. te taha hinegaro/cognitive health 4. te taha wairua/cultural health

Question 52

Tino rangatiratanga

Answer 52

maori self determination, ensuring they have control