psyc121

Question 1

operant vs. classical conditioning

Answer 1

operant: learning from reinforcement/ punishment
classical: environmental stimulus resulting learned behaviour

Question 2

what is the cognitive perspective to psychology?

Answer 2

focusing on the process of how we learn, retrieve and process information

Question 3

what is a criticism of the cognitive approach?

Answer 3

generalised

Question 4

what are the five perspectives in psychology?

Answer 4

cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, evolutionary and behavioural

Question 5

what is the equation for motivation?

Answer 5

goals + intensity= motivation

Question 6

what is a proximal goal?

Answer 6

a easy goal to reach before achieving final goal

Question 7

what is distal goal?

Answer 7

the distance but final goal

Question 8

what are the 7 biological motivations?

Answer 8

thirst, hunger, sex, sleep, excretory, aggression, activity

Question 9

what are the 7 social motivations?

Answer 9

achievement, autonomy, order, affiliation, nurturance, dominance, exhibition, play

Question 10

what are the 5 theories of motivation and what do they say?

Answer 10

1. drive-reduction: drive= tension, reduce drive
2. humanistic: self-actualisation\
3. evolutionary: we do what is innate and ensures survival
4. incentive: motivations from conditioning e.g money made you happy in the past –> incentive to work
5. self-determination: from intrinsic values

Question 11

4 motivations for eating

Answer 11

1. biological: thalamus communicates hunger
2. environmental: food is available
3. learned: through cultural habits
4. psychological: stress eating

Question 12

where in the brain does sexual motivation come from?

Answer 12

hypothalamus, receives hormones from pituitary gland

Question 13

3 things that emotion involves

Answer 13

1. subjective cognitive experience
2. bodily arousal
3. expression

Question 14

what is the difference between a mood, emotion and affect?

Answer 14

emotion: short-term feeling due to cognitive appraisal and subjective feeling
mood: is longer term
affect: is a negative or positive emotional state

Question 15

what does an emotional response require?

Answer 15

1. cognitive appraisal
2. a trigger
3. physiological response
4. behavioural expression

Question 16

what is the cognitive component?

Answer 16

emotions require past events to trigger

Question 17

what is the behavioural component?

Answer 17

the expression of 6 core expressions.

anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, happiness, fear.

Question 18

what is the physiological component?

Answer 18

hypothalamus -> autonomic NS & endocrine system
limbic system -> amygdala links senses with feelings
cortex -> assessment of safety and expression through facial expression

Question 19

What is the somatic theory of emotion?

Answer 19

Lange and Cannon Bard

Question 20

What is the cognitive theory of emotion?

Answer 20

Schater- the interpretation of any emotion will cause a cognitive arousal whether you are present or not

Question 21

What is the evolutionary theory of emotion?

Answer 21

Everything we do is to ensure species survival; innate responses.

Question 22

What can make it hard to recognise emotion?

Answer 22

Autism- lack of understanding and emotional reciprocation

Question 23

what does CRMT stand for?

Answer 23

Cognitive relational motivational theory

Question 24

what does the crmt say?

Answer 24

that we must appraise situations.
primary appraisal: is determining if the situation is threatening or not
if the situation is threatening we move on to secondary appraisal: deciding how to cope with the event

Question 25

types of stress

Answer 25

frustrating: prevention of a goal
conflict due to indecision
pressure from expectations
change and need to adjust

Question 26

what are the types of conflict?

Answer 26

approach-approach, avoidant-avoidant, approach avoidant

Question 27

what is the broaden and build theory?

Answer 27

negative emotions= narrow attention

positive emotions= braoden

Question 28

what are the types of emotional responses?

Answer 28

physiological, hormonal, behavioural

Question 29

physiological emotional response & the hypothesis

Answer 29

physiological arousal, inverted U

Question 30

hormonal response

Answer 30

increase cortisol

Question 31

behavioural response

Answer 31

coping (maladaptive/adaptive), giving up, lashing out, over-indulging

Question 32

What is the goodness of fit hypothesis and what does it say about coping?

Answer 32

controllable situation= problem-focused coping

uncontrollable= emotional coping

Question 33

what is the ABC model?

Answer 33

a- stressor- activating agent
b- belief
c- consequence
CBT

Question 34

what are the factors of the health belief model?

Answer 34

susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits, cues to action leading to continuation or discontinuation of behaviour

Question 35

what are the factors of the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 35

my attitude towards a thing, whether it is socially acceptable and if i cant handle it
if yes- intention
intention –> behaviour

Question 36

what is the transtheoretical model?

Answer 36

a loop starting at:

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenace

Question 37

what are the three models of behaviour?

Answer 37

transtheoretical, theory of planned behaviour and health belief model