PSYC2020 Practice Questions - Wk2 Gross Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What is another name for the coronal plane?

Answer 1

Frontal

Question 2

Why does the orientation of bipedal vertebrates matter in understanding neuroanatomy?

Answer 2

The reference directions will change depending on whether you are talking about the PNS or brain structures

Question 3

What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerves?

Answer 3

Afferent - sensory in

Efferent - out to motor

Question 4

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?

Answer 4

The CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is all the nerves outside of the skull and spine.

Question 5

What is the relationship between the CNS and PNS?

Answer 5

The PNS transmits info to and from the CNS

Question 6

What does the Peripheral nervous system divide into?

Answer 6

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 7

What does the somatic nervous system deal with?

Answer 7

Interaction with the environment, motor control and sensory info

Question 8

What does the autonomic nervous system deal with?

Answer 8

Regulating body’s internal state

Question 9

How do the efferent nerves of the ANS divide?

Answer 9

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 10

In the ANS, what would sympathetic efferent nerves do?

Answer 10

Stimulate, organise energy, ‘wind up’

Question 11

In the ANS would do parasympathetic efferent nerves do?

Answer 11

Conserve energy, ‘wind down

Question 12

What system deals with voluntary interactions with the environment?

Answer 12

Somatic nervous system.

Question 13

Can we be aware of internal states and information from our organs?

Answer 13

Yes. This is increasingly being used in clinical applications.

Question 14

Where do ANS nerves attach to the nervous system?

Answer 14

Sympathetic - from chest and mid back

Parasympathetic - from brain, lower back

Question 15

What neurotransmitters are used by the two sides of the ANS?

Answer 15

Sympathetic - noradrenaline/norepinephrine

Parasympathetic - acetylcholine

Question 16

What is interoception?

Answer 16

Perception of internal states

Question 17

What impact could a lack of interoception have on a person?

Answer 17

Inability to read internal states leads to inability to regulate themselves, or adjust to different situations ?

Question 18

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 18

I. Olfactory (smell)
II. Optic (sight)
III. Occulomotor (eye movement)
IV. Trochlear (eye movement
V. Trigeminal (facial sensation, chewing)
VI. Abducens (eye movement)
VII. Facial (taste - front 2/3 of tongue)
VIII. Auditory/Vestibular nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal (taste - back 1/3 of tongue)
X. Vagus
XI. Spinal accessory (neck, shoulders, head)
XII. Hypoglossal (tongue movement)

Question 19

how could a neurologist test an organ being innovated by more than one cranial nerve?

Answer 19

Eye movement is control by two nerves

Question 20

How are golgi stains different from Nissl stains? And what does this mean for our recent understanding of neurons and glial cells?

Answer 20

They show connections between cell bodies.

Question 21

What are poles?

Answer 21

The number of directions for transmission by a neurone.

Question 22

Where do you find oligodendrocytes?

Answer 22

In the CNS

Question 23

Where do you find Schwann cells?

Answer 23

in the PNS

Question 24

What do glial cells facilitate? 3

Answer 24

Saltatory conduction, myellination, and regeneration.

Question 25

What are differences in the function of unipolar and bipolar neurons, as opposed to multipolar neurons?

Answer 25

Unipolar - sensory Bipolar - sensory relays Multipolar - more involved in transferring information

Question 26

Why do nerves split as they approach the spinal cord?

Answer 26

Afferent nerves enter through the dorsal horn (back), efferent signals exit through the ventral horn (front)

Question 27

Why are there white and grey matter in the spinal cord? And what do they contain?

Answer 27

White matter is myelinated axons (white from cholesterol) | Gray matter is cell bodies and interneurons

Question 28

Are afferent neurons unipolar or multipolar?

Answer 28

Unipolar

Question 29

Are efferent neurons unipolar or multipolar?

Answer 29

Multipolar

Question 30

What does the hindbrain develop into?

Answer 30

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 31

What does the midbrain develop into?

Answer 31

Mesencephalon

Question 32

What does the forebrain develop into?

Answer 32

Diencephalon and telencephalon

Question 33

How are cerebral hemispheres formed?

Answer 33

The forebrain develops the telencephalon which becomes the cerebral hemispheres

Question 34

Where do the ventricles come from?

Answer 34

They are byproducts of early development and not structures in themselves

Question 35

How is the brain protected? 2

Answer 35

Physical - skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) | Chemical - blood brain barrier

Question 36

Where does CSF come from, and where is it absorbed?

Answer 36

The choroid plexi produce the fluid in the ventricles, it flows through the subarachnoid space and is absorbed into he sinus, through the arachnoid villus

Question 37

What are the three meninges types?

Answer 37

Dura mater, arachnoid meninx, Pia mater meninx

Question 38

What condition do you get if CSF drainage is blocked?

Answer 38

Hydrocephalus

Question 39

What is the role of the reticular formation?

Answer 39

Arousal - as in, staying conscious

Question 40

What structures are in the metencephalon and what do they do?

Answer 40

Pons - vital function relay centre Cerebellum - sensory and motor control; cognitive adjustment

Question 41

What is in the myelencephalon?

Answer 41

Portion of reticular formation, but mostly axonal tracts carrying info from brain to body and back. Vital functions - heart rate, breathing

Question 42

What structures are in the mesencephalon?

Answer 42

Tectum - colliculi | Tegmentum - substantia nigra, red nuclei, reticular formation, periaquaductal grey

Question 43

What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

Answer 43

Visual and auditory orienting of attention, respectively

Question 44

What role does the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 44

Connection between substantia nigra and striatum diminished

Question 45

What structures are in the diencephalon?

Answer 45

Thalamus - ‘relay station’ Hypothalamus - controls pituitary gland

Question 46

What are the three nuclei in the thalamus?

Answer 46

Lateral geniculate - first visual synapse of optic nerve Medial geniculate nucleus - auditory relay Ventro Posterior Nucleus - sensorimotor relay

Question 47

What does the pituitary gland control?

Answer 47

Lactation, stress, growth and reproduction, blood pressure

Question 48

What does the Lymbic system control?

Answer 48

Four Fs, primal affect (emotional functions)

Question 49

What does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 49

Voluntary movement

Question 50

What is the striatum made up of?

Answer 50

Tails of caudate and putamen

Question 51

What are the two main cell types in the neo-cortex?

Answer 51

Pyramidal (large, multipolar, inward axon) and stellate (small, no axons, lateral info) cells

Question 52

Which layers of the cortex are thicker in sensory vs motor areas?

Answer 52

IV and V respectively

Question 53

Which way does information flow in the neo cortex and what is this called?

Answer 53

Vertical flow - columnar organisation

Question 54

Where is the somatosensory area of the cortex?

Answer 54

Postcentral gyrus

Question 55

Where is the motor area of the cortex?

Answer 55

Precentral gyrus

Question 56

What are the gross functional areas of the cortex?

Answer 56

Motor, somatosensory, hearing/language, visual, and executive control/planning

Question 57

What’s the best way to see the corpus callosum?

Answer 57

Frontal plane

Question 58

What are the 3 ways information can be connected in the brain?

Answer 58

Homotopic - to the same point, other side Heterotopic - to a different point, other side Ipsilateral - different point same side

Question 59

What happens in experiments on people with commisurotomies / callosotomies?

Answer 59

Sensory info presented to one hemisphere is not able to guide behaviour in the other, eg cannot name but can draw something