PSYC23: Lesson 2

Question 1

The emergence of clinical psychology around the turn of the ________ was preceded by numerous important historical events. These events __________ for clinical psychology

Answer 1

20th century
“set the stage”

Question 2

Some pioneers in the treatment of the mentally ill made important contributions in the ________ and _______

Answer 2

1700s and 1800s

Question 3

• Lived in England
• Appalled by deplorable conditions in “asylums” where mentally ill lived
• Devoted much of his life to improving their treatment
• Raised funds to open the York Retreat, a model of humane treatment
• patients received good food, frequent exercise, and friendly interactions with staff.

Answer 3

William Tuke (1732-1822)

Question 4

• Lived in France
• Advocated for more humane and compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in France
• mentally ill persons were not possessed by devils, and that they deserved compassion
• Also introduced ideas of a case history, treatment notes, and illness classification, indicating care about their wellbeing

Answer 4

Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826)

Question 5

• A physician in Connecticut
• At the time, there were very few hospitals for the mentally ill
• Burden for their care fell on families
• Using Pinel’s efforts as a model, he opened humane treatment centers in US
• The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut

Answer 5

Eli Todd (1762-1832)

Question 6

• Worked in a prison in Boston, and observed that many inmates were mentally ill rather than criminals
• Traveled to various cities to persuade leaders to build facilities for humane treatment of mentally ill
• Resulted in over 30 state institutions in US and other countries
• Problems: increased number of mental patients, understaffed institutions, from moral therapy to custodial care

Answer 6

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

Question 7

• Received doctorate in 1892 in Germany
• Psychology was essentially academic; no practice, just study
• In 1896, Witmer founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
• By 1914, there were about 20 clinics in US
• By 1935, there were over 150
• He also founded the first scholarly clinical psychology journal, The Psychological Clinic, in 1907

Answer 7

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)

Question 8

__________ and ______________ of mental illness has been central to clinical psychology from the start

Answer 8

Diagnosis and categorization

Question 9

Europe mental illness classification were:

Answer 9

1. Neurosis
2. Psychosis

Question 10

have psychiatric symptoms but maintain an intact grasp to reality

Answer 10

Neurosis

Question 11

demonstrated a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking

Answer 11

Psychosis

Question 12

• He is considered a pioneer of diagnosis, “Father of Descriptive Psychiatry”
• Coined some of the earliest terms to categorize mental illness
• E.g. paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, involutional melancholia, cyclothymic personality, and autistic personality

Answer 12

Emil Kraepelin (1855-1926)

Question 13

2 Categorization of disorders

Answer 13

1. Exogenous disorders
2. Endogenous disorders

Question 14

caused by external factors - treatable

Answer 14

Exogenous disorders

Question 15

caused by internal factors

Answer 15

Endogenous disorders

Question 16

forerunner of Schizophrenia

Answer 16

dementia praecox

Question 17

• Kraepelin’s work set the stage for the ________________, which continues to dominate diagnosis today
• Published by American Psychiatric Association, originally in 1952

Answer 17

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

Question 18

Most drastic change in DSMs is from ______ to ________
❖ Larger, including more disorders
❖ Specific diagnostic criteria
❖ Use Multiaxial system

Answer 18

DSM-II to DSM-III

Question 19

Version of DSM where Removal of the multiaxial system was implemented

Answer 19

DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5

Question 20

numerous disorders under consideration for inclusion in next DSM (“proposed criteria sets”)

Answer 20

1. Internet gambling disorder
2. Attenuated psychosis syndrome
3. Persistent complex bereavement
4. Nonsuicidal self-injury
5. others

Question 21

Evolution of Assessment

Answer 21

Assessment of Intelligence
Assessment of Personality

Question 22

Assessment of _________ characterized the profession in early years

Answer 22

intelligence

Question 23

Early debates about the definition of intelligence focused on _____ vs. ______

Answer 23

g vs s

Question 24

a single, general intelligence

Answer 24

g

Question 25

specific intelligences

Answer 25

s

Question 26

In 1890, ___________________ used the term “___________” to describe the basic tests of abilities such as reaction time, memory, & sensation/perception

Answer 26

James McKeen Cattell mental test

Question 27

Alfred Binet’s early intelligence test (1905) later became the ______________________________, which is still widely used today

Answer 27

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Question 28

he translated the Binet scale into English

Answer 28

Lewis Terman

Question 29

Binet’s test was intended for ___________

Answer 29

children

Question 30

* He published the Wechsler-Bellevue in 1939, which was designed for adults * He later created tests for school-age and preschool children * Revisions are among the most commonly used today

Answer 30

David Wechsler

Question 31

Different Versions of Wechsler Tests

Answer 31

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-IV) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence(WPPSI-III)

Question 32

were among the first to emerge to assess personality—clients “project” personality onto ambiguous stimuli

Answer 32

Projective tests

Question 33

Types of Projective Tests

Answer 33

Rorschach Inkblot Method—1921 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)—1935 Draw a Person Test (DAP/T) House-Tree-Person

Question 34

Clients respond to ambiguous inkblot

Answer 34

Clients respond to ambiguous inkblot

Question 35

Clients respond to ambiguous interpersonal scenes

Answer 35

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)—1935

Question 36

______________ soon followed projectives Typically paper-and-pencil, self-report, and more scientifically sound

Answer 36

Objective tests

Question 37

Types of Objective Tests

Answer 37

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 1943) MMPI-2 (1989)—revised and restandardized MMPI-A (1992)—for adolescents

Question 38

comprehensive personality test measuring various pathologies

Answer 38

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,

Question 39

* is the most common activity of clinical psychologists today, but before the 1940s/1950s, it was not a significant professional activity * Treatment was by medical doctors, not psychologists * World War II created a demand for treatment of psychologically affected soldiers * Wars have had many other influences on the evolution of assessment and psychotherapy

Answer 39

Psychotherapy

Question 40

When psychotherapy became a more common activity in the mid 1900s, the _____________________ dominated

Answer 40

psychodynamic approach

Question 41

numerous other approaches that followed the psychodynamic approach

Answer 41

Behaviorism Humanism Family Therapy

Question 42

Most recently, _______________ has risen to become the most widely endorsed singular orientation

Answer 42

cognitive therapy

Question 43

At the historic ______________ in 1949, directors of graduate training programs agreed on a dual emphasis on ____________ and ___________

Answer 43

Boulder conference practice and research

Question 44

Development of the Profession: In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s,

Answer 44

❖ Therapy approaches proliferated ❖ More minorities entered the field ❖ Psy.D./Vail model programs emerged

Question 45

Development of the Profession: In the 1980s,

Answer 45

❖ Psychotherapy increased, in part due to increasing respect from medical professionals and insurance companies ❖ The number of training programs and new clinical psychologists increased

Question 46

Development of the Profession: In the 1990s and 2000s

Answer 46

❖ The size and scope of the field continues to grow ❖ Multiple training model options are available ❖ Empirical support of clinical techniques, prescription privileges, and new technologies are among major contemporary issues