Psyc3004 - Advanced Social Psychology - P1: Emotions Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 perspectives on the psychology of emotion? (discussed in class?)
A
Darwinian, Jamesian, Cognitive, Social Constructivist
2
Q
Do psychologist studying emotions tend to focus on state or trait emotions?
A
Temporary states, not enduring states.
It is important to distinguish between having an emotion and “being emotional” the latter of which has a negative connotation.
3
Q
What is the difference between an emotion, mood and affect?
A
An emotion usually has an ‘object’, a mood does not require a ‘object’.
A mood can be generally negative/positive and involve many emotions, whereas emotions are more discrete.
Affect includes moods, emotions; likes and dislikes, and pleasures.
4
Q
What reactions etc do emotions consist of/include
A
Subjective experience, physiological reactions, cognitions, behaviour, expressive reactions.
Emotions serve important functions!!
5
Q
Do you think emotions are a personal/private experience, or do they result from interactions with others? (or a combination!)
A
No answer here, but think about it! Because these are two ways of looking at emotions.
6
Q
What were Darwin’s 3 main research methods?
A
Darwin employed three main research methods: observation (of certain people/species), survey-based methods and photos/pictures in ‘judgement tasks’.
7
Q
Why did Darwin study the insane, non-human animals (particularly primates) and children?
A
Darwin believed that the evolutionary history of expressions was most evident in these groups because they were examples of an earlier stage in human evolution. As a result Darwin’s method’s often involved observing behaviour and drawing conclusions. For example, Darwin kept meticulous notes of his son’s development.
8
Q
How and why did Darwin do survey-based research on emotions?
A
Darwin was particularly interested in researching the universality of expressions, as this would provide evidence for their evolutionary origins.
He utilised survey-based methods, sending questionnaires to missionaries working with non-Europeans (‘savages’ in the vernacular of the time). He broadly defined expressive behaviours in his questionnaires, for example “Is astonishment expressed by the eyes and mouth being opened wide, and by the eyebrows being raised?.” Unfortunately the validity of the results questionable because of their anecdotal and culturally bias nature.
9
Q
Who pioneered ‘judgement tasks’? What is a judgement task?
A
Darwin pioneered the use of these ‘judgement tasks’ in the study of emotions.
Darwin compared photos of insane and normal people’s expressions.
For the ‘judgement task’ he showed the photos to small groups of people and asked them to judge what the expression was.
10
Q
What is the darwinian principle of “Servicable associated habits” ?
A
That ‘emotional’ expressions resemble and originate from serviceable (useful) behavioural habits.
For example, the expression for disgust resembles spitting – a behaviour useful for expelling potentially toxic items (In this sense, expressions are similar to intention movements, in that they are a small piece of a complex set of behaviours that signal an animal’s readiness to engage in that behaviour).
11
Q
What is the Darwinian principle of antithesis?
A
That some actions are carried out merely because they are opposite in nature to a serviceable habit, but are not serviceable themselves. For example, a dog’s passive behaviour when it is told off is the opposite of a confident or aggressive expression.
12
Q
What ‘principle of nervous discharge from the nervous system’?
A
That some habits (e.g., vocal expression, anger, and finger-tapping) are performed because of a build-up in the nervous system that causes a discharge of the excitement.
13
Q
What are the three principles of Darwins theory of emotional expression?
A
- The principle of serviceable associated habits
- The principle of antithesis
- The principle of nervous discharge from the nervous system
14
Q
What perspective/s of emotions did Ekman take?
A
Darwinian/Jamesian
15
Q
What are Ekman’s ‘big six’ (universal) emotions?
Bonus thoughts: Do you think some emotions are ‘universal’?
A
Ekmans big 6 - Happiness, Sadness, Suprise, Fear, Anger, Disgust (SH FADS)
16
Q
What specific aspect of expression did Carroll Izards and Paul Ekaman’s focus on?
What were their views on these particular expressions?
A
Facial Expressions.
That facial expressions are universal.
17
Q
Describe Ekman’s “3 photo’s, 1 story’ study?
Between what % did Ekman find people got the ‘correct’ answer?
A
Participants are presented with 3 photos along with a story. Participants were asked to match the story with the expression that that story would ellicit.
64%-100% correct for both westerners and non-westerners - with the exception of fear and suprise, possibly due to cultural differences.
18
Q
Name a few contemporary psychologists working under the Darwinian perspective.
A
Paul Eckman, Carol Izard, Nico Frijda
19
Q
What does FACS stand for?
Who came up with FACS?
What IS FACS?
A
Facials Action Coding System (FACS)
Paul Eckman
Specifies the movement/position of facial muscles for expressos by assigning numerical values (e.g., m61 = eyes up; m62 = eyes down)
The idea being that each emotional expression has its own combination of numbers for contraction of muscles.
20
Q
According to Ekman, what are “display rules”?
Bonus (unmarked): give an example.
A
Culture specific rules for what emotions are ok and not ok to express.
21
Q
What are some criticisms of the Darwinian perspective?
What is a specific critique of Ekman’s view on expressions?
A
(Different display rules, experience? social nature? Validity of 100% emotions)
- Cultures differ in display rules even on basic emotions, this could be due to actual difference in expression. e.g smile can mean ‘happy’ or ‘anger/embaressment’
- The claim that expressions ARE emotions (particularly in Ekman’s view) neglects the experience of emotions.
- Neglect of the social nature of humans
- Validity of using photos that generall express 100% emotions
Ekaman did not explain (though Darwin did) HOW the universal expressions helped human survival.
22
Q
What are “action tendencies”? (Nico Frijda)
A
States of readiness to respond with actions.
e.g., fear –> avoidance, anger –> attack
23
Q
How does Nico Frijda’s theory of emotions similar and different from Darwin?
A
Similar: believes that expressions have an adaptive function.
Different: believes that the ‘adaptive function’ can be communicative.
24
Q
What would Nico Frijda say the ‘adaptive function’ of protection? and Attack?
A
The adaptive function of avoidance is protection.
The adaptive function of attack is regaining control.
25
How would Ekman (in the darwinian perspective) describe 'fear'?
As a facial expression.
* Widening eyes
* Raising upper eyelid
* Tensing lower eyelid
* Opening mouth with mouth-courners drawn back
26
How would ekman in the Jamesian perspective describe experiencing the emotion of 'fear'?
A pattern of the ANS
* Increase heartrate
* Decreased skin temperature
27
How would Arnold (in the cognitive perspective) describe how fear is evoked?
from an appraisal of harm that must be avoided
28
How would Roseman (in the cognitive perspective) describe how fear is evoked?
situation is beyond control, it is in conflict with one's goals....but the outcome is uncertain.
29
How would Ekman (in the darwinian perspective) describe 'anger'?
Facial expressions
* Drawn together eyebrows
* tensed eyelids
* either lip-pressed-against-lip or open square mouth
30
How would ekman in the Jamesian perspective describe experiencing the emotion of 'anger'?
Pattern of ANS
* Increased heart rate and blood pressure;
* higher skin temperature compared to fear
31
How would Arnold (in the cognitive perspective) describe how anger is evoked?
When someone appraises the situation as frustrating
appraisal of a harm that is frustrating.
32
How would Roseman (in the cognitive perspective) describe how anger is evoked?
Situation that is caused by other, conflicts with one's goals, but oneself is strong.
33
How can 'hope' be described in the jamesian and darwinian perspective?
(including Ekman)
Darwin and james don't reference it. It is not considered a basic emotion.
Ekman: hope does not have a distinct facial expression.
34
How would Arnold (in the cognitive perspective) describe the evoking of 'hope'?
* Appraisal that advantage object is not availiable, but is achievable.
35
How would Roseman (in the cognitive perspective) describe the evoking of 'hope'?
Says hope is a positive emotion.
Situation that is beyond control, consistent of foals, uncertain.
36
How would Lazarus (in the cognitive perspective) describe the evoking of 'hope'?
Says hope is a negative emotions
Situation is relevant to your goals, but it is incongruent with your goals (because you don't have it yet).
Secondly, there is an appraisal of an uncertain future expectation.
37
Can cognitive, darwinian and jamesian perspectives be combined?
(Specifically: Ekman, Arnold and Lazarus)
The theorists often acknowledge one another's views, but are not well integrated. The theories work best when combined as levels of organisation. In that they all contribute, in their own ways, to the study of emotions
(BIOLOGICAL level) Ekman acknowledges a tiny tiny amount of cognitive 'appraisals' in his theory of emotions (i.e "fear is a reaction to internal or external environmental that signal danger)
+
(COGNITION level) Arnold agrees that emotions are accompanied by physiological reactions (but they occur last)
Lazarus acknowledges physical expression, says it is a systematic relationship between cognitions and physiology.
+
(SOCIAL influence level)
38
What are the levels of organisation regarding the different perspectives in the science of emotions?
Biological level, Cognitive level, Social level
39
According to James, how do we experience emotion? (the order)
Perception -\> bodily changes -\> emotion
e.g., See lion -\> tremble -\> fear
bodily changes ARE emotions
40
How is James' theory similar to Darwin, how is it different?
Similarity: adaptive function of emotional expression
Difference: James focused on the experience of emotions (as expression), whereas Darwin focused on the expression alone.
41
How is Lange's theory similar and disimilar to James theory of emotion?
Why is 'james-lange' theory of emotion known by that name?
They are similar in thinking that percerption leads to bodily changes which in turn is 'feeling' an emotion.
Danish psychologist Carl Lange also arrived upon a similar theory shortly after James - which is why the theory is known as James-Lange.
However, whilst Lange focused specifically on visceral (changes in blood vessel contractions) ‘bodily changes’, James referred to ‘bodily changes’ more generally (or vaguely!) as derived from a variety of bodily sources.
42
What two kinds of pathologies did James study and what types of illness (mental or physical) or situations did he focus on?
(i.e., research methods of James)
* Unmotivated emotions - panic attacks/fear disorders
* Inability to experience bodily feeling - spinal cord damage and anestetic
43
What evidence for the James-Lange theory was found in surveys on spinal-cord damage sufferers?
What results were found in patients under anestetic?
Why do these results not 'prove' James-Lange theory?
* Participants with lower spinal cord damage experienced more anger, more happiness and more ANS activity.
* Participants with higher spinal cord damage experienced less anger, less happiness and less ANS activity.
Patients under anestetic could still experience emotions.
Because despite some evidence, all were still experiencing emotions.
44
Name the four self-conscious emotions?
* Pride
* Guilt
* Shame
* Embaressment
45
What is another name given to "self-conscious" emotions?
"Moral-emotions"
46
What are the three requirements of self-conscious emotions?
1. Awareness of the self
2. Awareness of the emotions of others (Theory of Mind)
3. Awareness of social norms
47
Around what age does embaressment develop?
18 months - 2years
48
Around what age does shame/guilt develop?
4-5years
49
Why might infants not show self-concious emotions? (i.e., shame, guilt, embaressment, pride)
Because they require awareness of: the self, the emotions of others and social norms.
All of which infants have not developed yet.
50
Are self-conscious emotions basic emotions (like e.g., happy)?
Think about what makes a basic emotion.
Self-conscious emotions meet many of the criteria of basic emotions.
* They have DISTINCTIVE UNIVERSAL SIGNALS in the form of bodily (and to a lesser extent, facial) response tendencies (e.g., pride is often standing up tall and proud). However, culture influences the display of these signals.
* They have a QUICK ONSET and BRIEF DURATION - but just like other basic emotions (e.g happiness) certain situational factors and ongoing appraisals can continue and augment the emotional experience.
* They involve AUTOMATIC APPRAISAL due to the role of the Amygdala which responds to 'threat' (incl social threat) with a fight or flight response. However, the frontal lobe and temporal lobes are also involved, the former deals with what social norms are at stake while the latter is involved with theory of mind (What others think). This means that self-conscious emotions are subject to 'cognitive overide', which may be adaptive socially (e.g., not displaying emotions to avoid blame etc)
* They have a DISTINCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY. The hyperpiturity adrenal system (cortisol - stress hormone - F-or-F) and the pro-inflammatory immune response (prescence of cytokines - F-or-F) in shame = prepare for social threat.
* They have COHERENCE between physiology and expression. They are present in other primates with complex social hierachies - suggesting an evolutionary roles in surviving social situations by helping to manage 'social threat'
51
What is 'cognitive override'?
The inhibition of displaying an emotion.
For example, one might try not showing guilt in order to escape blame. Or one might avoid showing pride because they don't want to seem arrogant.
52
What is the role of the Amygdala, frontal lobe and temporal loves in self-conscious emotions?
* Amygdala - automatic response/appraisal, fight-or-flight, responds to perceived threat.
* Frontal lobe - Assesses social impact, what social norms are at stake.
* Temporal lobes - Theory of mind, what are other people thinking.
53
What happens in the hyper-piturity system when one is experiencing the self-conscious emotion of shame?
It is activated and produces cortisol (the stress hormone) - essentially a fight or flight reaction.
54
What happens to the pro-inflammatory immune response when one is experience the self-conscious emotion of shame?
Higher prescense of cytokeens, essentially preparing the body to respond to threat (even though it is a social threat!) so that the immune system is ready.
55
What factors might prolong and augment (e.g., intensify) the experience of self-conscious emotions?
(think about if you were to trip on the stairs!)
* The prescence of other people, there numbers, there familiarity, their status in comparison to yourself
* How serious the fall was (e.g dropped everything!)
* Post-event rumination
* If people bring up the event (or if it makes the news:P)
56
Why has the focus on the function of self-conscious emotions shifted?
What has the focus shifted from? and to?
Research in the mid 80's to early 90's focused on self-conscious emotions in a moral/ethical context. Suggesting that they arise out of personal failure in upholding one's moral ideals. (i.e., personal failure conception)
However this approach does not cohere with research that suggests self-conscious emotions arise out of concern of breaking SOCIAL values and one's status amongst others.
Thus current research is concerned with the SOcIAL-FUNCTION of self-concious emotions (i.e., the social-functionist approach). Which focuses on the role of self-conscious emotions in enabling survival as a social species.
57
Does the research show that self-conscious emotions are more associated with breaking personal or communal values?
Communal - SOCIAL EMOTION!!
58
Give some examples of possible social functions for PRIDE, SHAME, GUILT and EMBARESSMENT
(Doesn't have to perfectly match the answer, just think about it!)
* Pride - Displaying confidence/status/superiority, acts as a motivation to do difficult things, may motivate others (aspiration)
* Shame - Deterance from breaking social norms, letting others know that you know that a social norm has been broken.
* Guilt - Encourage social reparative behaviour
* Embaressment - ease social tension over mistakes
59
When is Shame and Guilt adaptive?
* Motivating change - behaviour to restore social self
* Helping us to recover our social identity and self-trust
* Morality or conformity?!
60
When are self-conscious emotions maladaptive?
* Pervasive shame/guilt - associated with depressive, negative affect, habits of rumination.
* PSTD - shame may have a role in the maintenance of this condition.
* Perfectionism is associated with shame
* Worse treatment outcomes for self-regulatory problems (alcholism, gambling, smoking)
61
What is the name of the researcher at Flinders University who has been researching tall-poppies/schadenfreude/deservingness?
Norman Feather
62
What is a 'tall poppy'?
Someone of high status.
63
What is schadenfreude?
Pleasure in other's misfortune.
64
If a high-achiever (vs. a low-achiever) is caught cheating, how are people likely to feel in general and about the punishment the cheater recieved?
More pleased that the high achiever was caught when they cheated than they would be if a low-achiever was caught cheating.
Likely to think that the punishment was more deserved (for the high-achiever than for a low-achiever caught cheating)
65
Why is the word 'deservingness' used as opposed to 'entitlement'?
Entitlement is a (Quasi) legal term that is always positive. Whilst deservingness can be either positive or negative and is not based on legal principles.
It does not make sense to say "the man was entitled to the punishment" but it does make sense to say "the man deserved the punishment"
66
Describe the for combinations of action and outcome for Normal feather's deservedness theory.
Norman theorised that balance (i.e similar/like-values) between the negative or positive value of the action-\>outcome resulted in the situation being considered 'deserved'. Whilst the situation would be considered 'undeserved' when the action-outcome values were unbalanced.
Balanced
* Positive action -\> Positive Outcome = deserved (e.g study hard -\> succeed)
* Negative action -\> negative outcome = deserved (e.g don't study -\> fail)
Unbalanced
* Positive action -\> negative outcome = undeserved (e.g study hard -\> fail)
* Negative action -\> positive outcome = undeserved (e.g don't study -\> succeed)
67
What 3 other variables (other than the balanced/unbalenced values of the action-\> outcome) affect appraisals of deservedness?
* Liking/disliking a person
* Ingroup/outgroup member
* Self-evaluation
68
How does like/dislike and ingroup/outgroup member affect appraisals of deservedness?
Like ingroup member: +action & -outcome = deserved (Even more then if they were not a liked income member)
Disliked outgroup memner: -action & - outcome =deserved (Increased effect)
May also be:
Like ingroup memner: -action & - outcome = doesn't deserve (subjective)
Disliked outgroup memner: +action & + outcome = doesn't deserve (subjective)
69
How does a persons responsibility for the outcome affect others' appraisal of deservedness?
Deservedness assumes the person actions make the at least somewhat responsible for the outcome.
We may not think a person 'deserved' something bad if they are not responsible for the bad outcome. HOWEVER, Considering someone to have deserved an outcome they were not responsible for does occur and is considered malicious.
70
How does one's own low self-esteem influence judgements about other's deservedness?
Favour the fall more (schadenfreude), and increased 'deservedness' appraisal.
71
if your ingroup is inferior how might you feel towards a superior outgroup when they fail?
More schadenfreude!
inferior ingroup works similar to low-self-esteem only on a group level
72
If you feel you deserved a negative outcome, what emotions might you feel?
What about if you felt you didn't deserve a negative outcome?
Deserved-negative: Guilt and Regret
Undeserved-negative: dissapointment and anger
73
How might you feel if someone else:
1. Has an undeserved positive outcome?
2. Has a undeserved negative outcome?
3. Has a deserved positive outcome?
4. Has a deserved negative outcome?
1. Anger and resentment
2. Sympathy ....or schadenfraude!
3. Adminiration or envy
4. self-righteous!
74
What factors increase the degree of scadenfreude?
* More perceived deservingness
* Less liked
* Outgroup member
* More Responsible
75
How might envy be related to schadenfreud?
(two-types!)
Norman feather found that envy did NOT predict schadenfreude. But it may have a secondary relationship to schadenfreude.
Envy-benign: admiration -\> deserved high status, leading more towards sympathy when they fail.
BUT,
Envy-hostile: resentment & anger regarding an undeserved high status ---possibly setting up conditions for schadenfreude.
76
Describe Kristiansonns conception of schadefreude.
Schadenfreude occurs when the other's negative outcome is undeserved (Rather than deserved). I.e., schadenfreude is malicious rather than social justice!
NOTE: This fits in with why we laugh at funniest home videos, even though the people in the video don't 'deserve' their outcomes. We may rationalise laughing by saying it was "unexpected" or "novel" or "not serious/involved no serious injury)...but it seems likely that this is a retionalisation.
77
How does deservingness relate to schadefreude? (e.g., direction of relationship)
Direction of relationship:
May feel schadefreude leading to the rationalisation that the negative outcome was deserved (recipricol) (emotion-\>appraisal)
May appraise someone as deserving a negative outcome leading to feeling schadefreude (ARNOLD) (appraisal -\> emotion)
78
What are some critiques of the Ekman's Darwinian perspective?
* Neglect of the social-nature of emotions (Frijda included social-purposes in evolution!)
* Failure to explain how universal expression actualy helps us to survive (darwin did!)
* Cultures differ in display rules - i.e., have different expressions.
* Validity of research methods - use of 100% emotion photos, this is not necessarily how we actually express emotions
79
Describe Schacter's 2-factor theory of emotions.
Schacters theory is predominatly in the jamesian perspective but has a cognitive component.
He argues that emotion-stimulating events cause a ambigious state of physiological arousal and that because humans have a need to explain their arousal - their situationally-appropriate cognitions give a label to the arousal experience.
The 1st factor is an ambigious physiological arousal.
The 2nd factor is the situationally-appropriate cognition.
80
Who was the first psychology of emotions researcher to include cognitions in their theory of emotion?
Stanley Schacter - 2-factor theory.
81
Is Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion a good theory? why/why not?
Is it good for anything else?
Shachters theory is not a great theory because it does not explain emotions that do not require arousal. However by considering cognition it made a significant contribution to the field.
In addition it is particularly good at explaining misattribution effects.
82
How does Schacter's 2-factor theory explain misattribution?
Arousal + cognition = emotion
A physical arousal (e.g sweating) can be explained by a number of things - e.g., anxiety or high room temperature.
The situationally-appropriate cognition decides what the cause of the arousal is (im sweating because it is hot vesus. im sweating because i'm anxious)
This can be manipulated in experiments! with dramatic effect e.g., sweating explain as heat score higher on a test than sweating explain by anxiety.
83
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
Feedback from muscles in the face (When expressions are made) can increase or decrease emotions.
84
What genius method did Strack and colleages use to test the facial feedback hypothesis?
What did they find?
Holding a pen in one's mouth, either in between one's teeth (causing a smile) or between one's lips (not a smile).
Those making a 'smile' rated cartoons as funnier than those who were not making a 'smile.'
Ekman argues that this is evidence of DIRECT facial feedback.
But it could be because of the self-perception that one is smiling i.e., cognition. (thus knowledge, not FFB)
85
According to Ekmans research which emotions were associated with increased heart rates? which emotion increased the heart rate the most?
* Anger, Fear, Sadness
* Anger increased it the most!
86
What are some of the problems when trying to test for physiological differences between emotions?
(i.e., distinct physiology)
* Limited technology of psychophysiology (e.g., poor measurements of ANS activity)
* Laboratory conditions restrict actions/movement and are artificial.
* Actions may depend on social context (e.g being angry and slapping, versus anger and crying - would have distinct physiology in FFB theory)
87
What are some criticisms of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?
* No explanation (or poor explanaition) of the mechanism behind facial feedback and how it affects emotions.
* FFB can not explain all the combinations of emotional experience - e.g entire ongoing moods.
88
James was the first to come up with the facial feedback hypothesis - however he was less concerned with facial expressions and more concerned with \_\_\_\_?
body postures etc
Adopting a particular posture would cause the feedback --\> experience an emotion.
89
What is/was Magda Arnold's theory of emotion?
Cognitive perspective.
Arnold's main message was that to understand emotion we must understand how we JUDGE situations. For Arnold the key judgement (i.e., appraisal) one makes about a situation is whether it is Good or Bad.
Perception -\> judgement of harm/benefit [appraisal] = emotion.
90
Why did Magda Arnold disagree with James' theory of emotion? (specifically the order of events)
She disagreed with the Jamesian perspective because the mechanism by which mere perception causes bodily change was unclear, whereas QUICK, IMMEDIATE, NON-INTELLECTUAL appraisals linked stimulus events to emotional experience (gave them context)
## Footnote
91
How is Magda Arnold's conception of emotions similar and different from darwinism and jamesian perspectives?
SIMILAR:
* Emotions are adaptive = an impulse to action.
* Emotions result in physiological responses that can cause unplesant tensions
* Every emotion has its own pattern of physiological activity because different emotions lead to different actions.
DIFFERENT:
* Cognition-based appraisals are crucial in understanding emotions --\> definition of emotion.
92
How did Magda Arnold's theory of emotion differ from Shachters 2-factor theory?
Schacter = Arousal + cognition = emotion
Arnold = Appraisal (harm/benefit) = emotion + physiological activity.
i.e., Shachter thought arousal was more important (Central) and Arnold though cognitive apraisal was more important (Central).
93
Describe Richard Lazarus' theory of emotion.
Called the "cognitive-motivational-relational' theory
* Cognitive = overal appraisal good/bad
* Motivational = personal goals/expectations
Appraisals of the situation as good or bad depends on personal goals.
Appraisals occur on two-levels:
* Molecular
1. Primary - is it good or bad for me in light of my goals?
2. Secondary - how can i increase/descrease my benefit/harm
* Molar
1. The larger relational meaning of combined primary + secondary appraisals.
MOLECULAR + MOLAR = Core relational themes. [core = central harm or benefit]
E.g core relational themes for guilt
primary appraisal = relevant but incongruent with goals, oneself is blameworthy.
94
Who are the three cognitive perspective 'names' dropped in class? (major only)
Ira Roseman
Magda Arnold
Richard Lazarus
95
What is Ira Rosemans theory of emotion?
That each emotion has its own unique cognitive structure.
That there are 5 sets of appraisals resulting in 14 emotions.
96
What are the 5 sets of appraisals in Ira Rosemans cognitive theory of emotions?
How many emotions are there according to this theory?
1. Consistant or inconsistant with motives
2. Certain or uncertain
3. Responsibility: self, other, situation
4. Reward (appetitive) or punishment (aversive)
5. Oneself: weak or strong
14 emotions!
97
Use Ira roseman's five appraisals theory to describe regret.
(Hint: you don't always have to use ALL the appraisals)
Regret =
1. is the situation consistent with my motives? NO
2. Am I responsible for the situation? YES
3. was I strong or weak? STRONG
98
In Ira Rosemans theory is the appraisal of oneself as weak more likely to lead to fear or anger?
Fear
99
In Ira Rosemans theory is the appraisal of a reward (Appetitive) more likely to lead to joy or relief?
JOY
relief if avoid a punishment.
100
In Ira Rosemans theory if one appraises someone else as being responsible for a negative event is it more likely to result in one feeling guilt or anger/dissapointment/sadness?
Anger/dissapointment/sadness
101
According to roseman's theory of emotion, you are likely to feel ___ or ___ when emotion-elliciting events are appraised as uncertain.
But more likely to feel _____ or ____ when emotion-elliciting events are appraised as certain.
1. Joy/sadness
2. Hope/fear
102
According to roseman's theory of emotions appraisal of events as consitent with one's goals is likelt to lead to - joy or fear/anger?
JOY
103
What are some critiques of the cognitive perspective of emotions?
* Appraisals are seen as discrete events by some researchers as opposed to being seen as an ongoing process (e.g action tendency \> actual behaviour \> re-appraisal etc)
* Fail to take into account the social context - i.e social appraisals (appraisal of social-context)
104
What process underlies social context effects (SCE)?
Social appraisal - i.e., when social context is appraised along with the emotional event, becoming a part of the emotional reaction.
105
What are social appraisals?
Tee appraisal of behaviours, thoughts or feelings of one or more other persons in the emotion event.
An appraisal of the social-context including BOTH expression and experience.
106
When do social context effects occur?
* Physical/explicit presence of others (non-imaginative) - increases effect
* High-communication (can be imaginative) - increases effect
* Role of other persons, target/object versus audience - joint = increased effect
* Behaviour of others.
107
What is the "social nature of emotions" refer to?
That our emotions affect others AND other persons influence our emotions OVER and ABOVE the emotional stimulus itself.
The assumption that others have an impact on emotions because eotions are often directed at others - the important of the social aspect of emotions for understanding emotions.
108
What is a social identity?
A social identity is the portion of an individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group
109
What is the "positive distinctiveness" element of social identity theory?
A key assumption in social identity theory is that individuals are intrinsically motivated to achieve positive distinctiveness. That is, individuals “strive for a positive self-concept”.[3][9] As individuals to varying degrees may be defined and informed by their respective social identities (as per the interpersonal-intergroup continuum) it is further derived in social identity theory that “individuals strive to achieve or to maintain positive social identity”.
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What are the two types of perspective-taking?
1. Empathy-based - experience of the affect of being another person, imagine being (Affective focus)
2. Being the other - imagine being the other with a cognitive focus.
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In regards to social identity theory, how is it theorised that perspective taking increases empathy?
Social identity theory suggests that we try to keep a positive self-esteem, both in our personal identity and our membership to social groups- such that, the more a person identifies with a group the stronger is the tendency to protect that ingroup.
The idea behind perspective taking is that your self-esteem expands to others, i.e., it is generalised to the outgroup.
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Do deservedness and entitlement lead to emotion, or do emotions lead to deserveness and entitlement?
Could be either way, seems to work both ways!
e.g
Emotion (compassion, shame, guilt) -\> entitlement
Emotion -\> deservedness
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What effect did perspective taking have on the beliefs of participants regarding entitlement for the stolen generation?
increased belief that the stolen generation was entitled to compensation, decreased anger about compensation.
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How did people experiencing group-based guilt (which motivates repairations) when perspective-taking influence views on the right to entitlement for the stolen generation?
Increased support for entitlement, but not personal support.
BECAUSE the group did a bad thing, the individual does not take that bad thing to be against themselves personally.
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How does high group-based anger when perspective taking influence beliefs on entitlement?
Increases belief in entitlement, but does not increase personal support.
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How did people experiencing belongingness-based shame (which motivates hiding) when perspective-taking influence views on the right to entitlement for the stolen generation?
High-levels of belongingness-shame when perspective taking motivates personal support for repairations for the stolen generation.
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Why might (social image) group-shame lead to avoidance/hiding and not to repairation - where as shame for belonging to a certain group (personal image) (e.g Australian) can lead to personal support for reparations of harm resulting from the groups transgressions?
In social-image shame people are concerned with what other people think. They are self-condemming, and avoid/hide because they think they are a bad person and that this cannot be 'repaired'
Whilst, shame for belonging to a group CAN be allieviated by repairations, i.e., offering personal support - this \*sortof\* distances oneself from the harms that one's ingroup has caused and lessens the displeasure of the shame.
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What are the two types of shame?
1. Social-image shame (group-belongingness shame)
2. Personal-image shame
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What is the difference between social-image and personal-image shame for GROUP-based shame?
Social-image shame is concern about what others think about the ingroup you belong to.
Personal-image shame is feeling shameful for BELONGING to a certain group.
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How might personal support for stolen generation repairations be increased?
Increased personal-shame for group-belongingness, encourage perspective-taking.
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