PSYC355 Exam 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is the role of synapses ?
A
Connection between one neuron to an other
2
Q
What is the role of axons ?
A
Transmits information between a neuron to an other
3
Q
What is the definition of neuroscience ?
A
The study of the nervous system
4
Q
What is the definition of Behavioral Neuroscience ?
A
The study of the biological bases of behavioral and mental processes
5
Q
What is Trepanation ?
A
Procedure to know if subjects had mental disorders.
they thought that evil spirits was disrupting the brain and behavioral
6
Q
True or False
Egyptians thought that the heart was the main part of the soul.
A
True
7
Q
True or False.
Egyptians thought that the brain was not important.
A
True
8
Q
Who developed the Theory of Humors and what is it ?
A
Hippocrates.
Composed of Blood, Yellow Bile, Black Bile and phlegm
9
Q
What happened if the four Humors are unbalanced ?
A
Illness
10
Q
What Herophilus (Father of anatomy) discovered while dissecting humans ?
A
Each region of the body is connected to separated nerves
11
Q
How many neurons are in the body ?
A
Around 86 billions
12
Q
How Galen discovered that the brain must be very important ?
A
Gladiators behaviors change a lot after brain injuries
13
Q
What Galen thought that passed along nerves to all regions of the body ?
A
Animal spirits
14
Q
Who was the founder of anatomical drawings and what he is emphasizing on ?
A
Leonardo de Vinci
He emphasizes on ventricles
15
Q
Who explained behaviors in terms of machines ?
A
René Descartes
16
Q
René Descartes talked about a mind-body dualism, what is it ?
A
The body is material and the mind is not.
The mid can interact via the pineal gland.
17
Q
What are the two reasons why Descartes was so interested by the pineal gland ?
A
1) Animals didn’t have one (which was false)
2) The pineal gland is the only part of the brain that is single. Mostly, brain structures are double.
18
Q
What animal spirits could do when they are unleashed ?
A
They can produce motor movements
19
Q
Why is the white matter is white ?
A
Because there is a lot of myelinated axons
20
Q
What the gray matter is made of and what is its role ?
A
Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
Role: processing information
21
Q
Galvani and Emil du Bois-Raymond found out that there was electricity that goes through bodies wire (nerves), how did they found out ?
A
By studying dead frogs, they sent electrical signals in nerves.
22
Q
What is the Bell and Magendie Law ?
A
It states that the ventral spinal roots transmit motor impulses and the dorsal roots sensory impulses.
23
Q
True or false.
In the end of 18th and early 19th century, they thought that differences between everybody cerebrum where related to abilities.
A
True
24
Q
What is phrenology ?
A
Correlating structures of the head with personality traits.
25
What was the main argument of phrenology opponents ?
They said that the brain works as a whole because if we took off a part of the brain, everything is shut down.
26
Who is related to the case of Mr. Leborgne ?
Paul Broca
27
Explain the case of Mr. Leborgne and what it lead on.
Mr. Leborgne was not able to speak. Broca looked at his brain and I discovered that one of the region of his brain was misfunctioning (which was related to speak and reading region). So, he started noticing that some regions of the brain were related to specific abilities.
28
What are the three approaches relate brain and behavior ?
Somatic Intervention = Alteration of a STRUCTURE or FUNCTION to see how behavior is altered (ex: administrating a hormone... leads to... strength of mating behavior)
Behavior Intervention = Intervention in a BEHAVIOR to see how structure or function is altered. (ex: put male in presence of female... leads to... changes in hormones levels)
Correlation: Measures how much a body measures varies with a behavioral measure.
* *Two factors might be correlated only because a third, unknown factor affects the two factors measured**
(ex: two students with good grades on an exam)
29
What is neuroplasticity ?
Describes the ability of the brain to be changed by environment and experience.
30
What happen on your neurons when you take drugs ?
The morphology changes: dendrites are more dense and there are more dendrites spines.
31
What are the levels of Analysis in Behavioral Neuroscience ?
- Social Level
- Organ Level
- Neural system Level
- Brain Level
- Circuit Level
- Cellular Level
- Synaptic Level
- Molecular Level
32
What is the most important part of the nervous system ?
Neurons
33
What is the role of glial cells ?
Provides support to the brain and process information.
34
What mitochondria does in a cell ?
Produce energy
35
What ribosome does in a cell ?
Translate genetic information from the cell nucleus into the protein needed for the construction and operation of the neuron
36
Cajal said that there were tiny gaps... what is those gaps ?
Synapses
37
True or false.
| Golgi discovered that neurons were separated and there were tiny gaps.
False
38
What are the three principal forms of neurons ?
Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar
39
What is a multipolar neuron ?
Nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon.
40
What is a bipolar neuron ?
A nerve cell with a single dendrite and a single axon.
41
What is an unipolar neuron ?
A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions; one end is the receptive pole and the other is the output zone.
42
What are the four zones related to information processing and what are their role ?
1) Input zone: collect and integrate information either from the environment or from others cells (dendrites)
2) Integrating Zone: Where the decision to produce a neural signal is made (axon hillock)
3) Conduction Zone: Transmitted over great distances (cell's axon)
4) Output Zone: Neuron transfers information to other cells (axon's terminal)
43
What are the three function that a neuron can have and what are their role ?
Motor nerves: Stimulates muscles, organs, glands (multipolar)
Sensory nerves: Respond to environmental stimuli (bipolar, unipolar)
Interneurons nerves: Neither a motor nor a sensory neuron; it receives input from and sends output to others neurons
44
What is the cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body ? (Integration Zone)
Axon hillock
45
What is increasing the surface area of the dendrites, allowing for extra synaptic contacts
Dendrites spines
46
True or false.
Number and structure of spines can be reduce by experience.
False.
| ... can be altered by experience.
Tips: Practice makes perfect
47
What are the two directions that material can works inside the axon and what are their role ?
Retrograde: moves used materials back to the cell body for recycling. (Waste is not allowed)
Anterograde: moves material toward the axon terminals.
48
What Greeks thought that glia cells was back in the days ?
They believed that glia cells hold the nervous system together. (Glia = glue)
49
What are the role of glia cells ?
Support and enhance neural activity
Can communicate with each other and with neurons
Provide neurons with materials and chemical signals (that alter neuronal structure and excitability)
50
What are the four types of glia cells ?
1) Astrocytes
2) Microglial Cells
3) Oligodendrocytes
4) Schwann Cells
51
Tell me more about astrocytes ?
```
Star-shaped cells
Sucker-like end feet
Want to give neurons energy
Receive synapses directly from neurons
Can block neurotransmitters (think image cell surrounding synapse)
```
52
What is the role of microglial cells ?
- Remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells
- Clean up Crew
- Involved in aspects of pain perception
53
What are the two types of cells that provide cells with fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction (myelination) and what is the difference between them ?
- Oligodendrocytes (Central Nervous System)
| - Schwann Cells (Peripheral Nervous System)
54
True or false.
Myelin protects the axon and speeds up the connection.
True
55
What is called the gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed ?
Node of Ranvier
56
What cause multiple sclerosis to a nerve ?
Demyelination
57
The nervous system consists of two major divisions. What are they ?
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
(They are separated but they work together)
58
What are the two cells who are implicated in degenerative processes like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ?
Astrocytes and microglia cells
| pathological changes in their microenvironment can cause MICROGLIA to show a damaging inflammation response
59
What is composed the Peripheral Nervous System ?
All nerves and neurons OUTSIDE the brain and spinal cord.
60
What are the two divisions of the PNS and what are their role ?
- Somatic Nervous System: Provides neural connections to the skeletal musculature. Interconnects the brain, the major muscles and sensory systems (ex: I want to move my arm) **VOLUNTARY**
- Automatic Nervous System: Nerves that interconnect the brain and the viscera (internal organs). (ex: blood flow) **Involuntary**
61
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems are mostly consisted of...
Ganglia (many cell bodies stick together)
62
Motor nerves transmit information from where to where ?
Motor nerves transmit information from the CNS to muscles, organs and glands.
63
Sensory nerves transmit information from where to where ?
Sensory nerves transmit information from the body to the CNS
64
True or false.
Motor and sensory nerves are not involved in the Somatic Nervous System nor the Automatic Nervous System.
False.
They are both involved.
65
What are the nerves that make up the somatic nervous system and they are connected with which part of the brain ?
Cranial Nerves: Connected directly to the brain
**Cranial nerves don't pass in spinal cord EXCEPT the vagus**
Spinal Nerves: Emerges from the spinal cord
66
How many pairs of cranial nerves they are ?
12 pairs (Roman numerals)
67
Each spinal nerve is the fusion of two distinct roots, what are they ?
Dorsal root: Carries SENSORY information from the body to the spinal cord.
Ventral root: Carries MOTOR information from the spinal cord to the muscles.
68
Which part of the spinal cord contains the most spinal nerves ?
Thoracic
69
What is an autonomic ganglia and what is its role ?
Collections of nerve cells bodies that innervate the majors organs.
70
What are the three divisions of the Automatic Nervous System ?
Sympathetic Nervous System: Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Rest and digest
Enteric Nervous System: Regulates functioning of gut
71
What type of neuron runs from the CNS to autonomic ganglia and what is it releasing ?
Preganglionic neurons. They release acetylcholine
72
In the sympathetic nervous system, what type of neuron runs from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body and what is it releasing and why ?
Postganglionic neurons. They release norepinephrine to accelerate activity
73
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what type of neuron runs from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body and what is it releasing and why ?
Postganglionic neurons. They release acetylcholine to slow down activity.
74
True or false.
Most of the parasympathetic nerves are spinal nerves
False.
Most of the SYMPATHETIC nerves are spinal nerves.
75
True or false.
The parasympathetic nervous system is composed of mostly cranial nerves. **don't forget the vagus that goes through the spinal cord**
True.
76
What are the two main parts of the Central Nervous System ?
The brain and the spinal cord
77
What is the corpus callosum ?
A bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres.
| It is white because of myelinated tissues
78
True or false.
In general, each side of the brain controls and receives information from the same side.
False.
In general, each side of the brain controls and receives information from the opposite side. **some exceptions**
79
Name one characteristic of the cerebral cortex.
It is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres
80
What is the difference between a gyri and a sulci ?
Gyri: Bumps
Sulci: Valleys/repressions
81
What are the three orientations for viewing the brain ?
Horizontal plane: Top and bottom side
Saggital plane: Left and right side
Coronal plane: Front and back
82
What are the two types of information in an axon, tract or nerve ?
Afferent: carrying information into a region of interest (sensory information)
Efferent: carrying information away from a region of interest (motor information)
83
What is the deep fissure in the middle of the brain (lateral view) that demarcates the temporal lobe ?
Sylvian fissure
84
What are the four lobes of the brain ?
- Frontal lobe: movements, emotions
- Parietal lobe: Sensory information, spatial cognition
- Occipital lobe: vision
- Temporal lobe: smell, audition, learning and memory
85
What region is known for the seat of complex cognition ?
The cortex
86
What are the three divisions of the brain and what are they composed ?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
87
What are the major arteries of the brain ?
Carotid arteries (anterior, middle, posterior)
88
What structure is formed by the major cerebral arteries that can redirect blood flow direction in case of a clot ?
The Circus of Willis
89
What are the two types of strokes ?
Hemorrhagic stroke: Rupture in an artery (blood goes everywhere)
Ischemic stroke: Blockage in vessels (clot)
90
True or false.
The basal ganglia is a group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, which is important in motor control.
True.
91
What is the role of the blood-brain barrier ?
Helps to protect the brain from infections and blood-borne toxins
**not completely impenetrable**
92
The ventricular system is a series of chambers filled with what ?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
93
What is the role of the choroid plexus ?
Secretes cerebrospinal fluid
94
Which ventricle releases cerebrospinal fluid to surround the brain and the spinal cord ?
The fourth ventricle
95
What are the three protective membranes (meninges) that surrounded the brain and the spinal cord ?
1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid
3) Pia mater
96
What is the specific space in the meninges where cerebrospinal fluid flows ?
Subarachnoid space
97
What is the role of the Glymphatic System ?
Participates in removal of wastes and the movement of nutrients and signaling compounds. (clean the waste)
98
What is the role of the periarterial space ?
Surrounds fine arterioles that penetrate the brain and picking up the waste.
99
What is the role of the perivenous space ?
Surrounds brain capillaries that penetrate the brain and picking up the waste.
100
What is the three main functions of the cerebrospinal fluid ?
1) Acts as a shock absorber
2) Provides an exchange medium between blood and the brain
3) Helps in removal of harmful substances
101
What system is a series of chambers filled with CSF ?
Ventricular System
102
What is connecting the two hemispheres of the brain ?
Corpus callosum
103
Named two types of synapses.
Axo-dendrictic: axon to dendrites
Axo-somatic: axon to soma
104
Why axon hillock are so important in a neuron ?
Because this is where action potential is taking place.
105
How do neurons communicate ?
Through electrical and chemical processes.
106
In other words, how can we explain the electrical signal in a neuron ?
It is the movement of ions.
107
How do we call a ion that is positive ?
Cation
108
How do we call an negative ion ?
Anion
109
What ion channels are consist of ?
Membrame-spanning proteins that assemble to form a pore
110
What can we say about a channel who is opened all the time and allow only potassium ions to cross ?
The neuron shows SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY to potassium.
111
What the sodium-potassium pump is doing ?
It is pushing 3 Na+ ions OUT and it is bringing back 2 K+ ions INSIDE
112
The cell is more positive or more negative ?
Negative (-65mV)
113
What are the two processes and the selective membrane permeability to K+ that are involved in resting membrane potential ?
Diffusion
Electrostatic
114
What is requiring a lot of energy in a neuron ?
Sodium-potassium pump
