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Psych 1 > Psych 1 - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych 1 - Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of the workings of the nervous system.

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

Receives, processes, and stores incoming sensory inputs

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3
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A collection of neurons and supporting tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bones.

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4
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Automatic behaviors from below the neck that occur on their own, without help from the brain

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Is made up of all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

Handles all CNS’s inputs and outputs

Transmits information to and from the CNS by way of sensory nerves and motor nerves

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6
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Or Skeletal Nervous System

Connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; also called skeletal nervous system

Responsible for:
Feel, Voluntary Movement, Touch

A subdivision of the PNS

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7
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates blood vessels, glands, and internal organs

Divided in two parts: Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS

The subdivision of the PNS

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8
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight

Causes response due to emotion/stress

Part of the Autonomic NS that is always followed by the Parasympathetic NS

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9
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Brings your body to a baseline
Causes a relaxed state/conserves energy

Part of the Autonomic NS that follows the Sympathetic NS

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10
Q

Nervous System

A

Gathers and processes information, produces responses to stimuli, and coordinate the workings of different cells

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11
Q

Neurons

A

A cell that conducts electrochemical signals to transmit information to, from and within the CNS.

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12
Q

Electrochemical Signals

A

The language of the NS generated by the neuron

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13
Q

Glial Cells

A

Holds neurons in place

Nourishes, insulates, and protects

Enables Neurons them to function

Communicate chemically with each other and other neurons

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the cell body

Part of a Neuron

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15
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A

Cell Body (Soma) - “Brain”
Axon - Output
Dendrites - Input

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16
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

The part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire

“Brain”

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17
Q

Axon

A

Conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons or to muscles or gland cells

Output

Part of a Neuron

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18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A fatty insulation that surrounds the axon of a neuron insulating it and speeding up the action potential

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19
Q

Action Potential

A

The brief change in electrical voltage across the membrane of a neuron that travels down the axon

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20
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life

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21
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The production of new neurons from immature stem cells

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22
Q

Stem Cells

A

Immature cells that divide and mature

Responsible for learning and memory

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23
Q

Synapse

A

The site where transmission occurs between axon terminal (pre-synapic), synaptic cleft, and dendrite/cell body (post-synapic)

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals released by axon at the synapse that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

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25
Synaptic Vesicles
Bundles of neurotransmitters released from the axon
26
Plasticity
The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience, by reorganizing or growing new neural connections
27
Serotonin
1. Appetite 2. Mood 3. Sleep A Neurotransmitter
28
Dopamine
1. Pleasure/Reward 2. Voluntary Movement 3. High Level Mental Function Closely related to Oxytocin A Neurotransmitter
29
Acetylcholine
1. Muscles Action (In CNS) 2. Learning, Memory, and Attention (In PNS) A Neurotransmitter
30
Norepinephrine
Affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and the slowing of intestinal activity during stress, and neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotions Norepinephrine - Noradrenaline Epinephrine - Adrenaline A Neurotransmitter
31
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
The second most common neurotransmitter Inhibits excitatory responses Balanced with Glutamate A Neurotransmitter
32
Glutamate
The most common neurotransmitter. The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain Important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation. Responsible for focus fading after about 50 mins Balance with GABA A Neurotransmitter
33
Endorphines (Endogenous opioid peptides)
Affects neurons involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory A Neurotransmitter
34
Re-Uptake
The reabsorption by a presynaptic neuron of a neurotransmitter substance recently released form it's terminal bouton, thereby halting the action potential in the postsynapitc cell
35
Enzymatic Deactivation
A specific enzyme changes the structure of the neurotransmitter so it is not recognized by the receptor
36
MAOI
Inhibits Enzymatic Deactivation preventing neurotransmitters from being turned off
37
SSRI
Inhibits re-uptake leaving more neurotransmitters still active
38
Excitotoxicity
The pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as serotonin and similar substances
39
Endocrine System
Hormones The complete set of endocrine glands and associated structures in an organism considered as a functional unit
40
Endocrine Glands
Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream
41
Hormones
Chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the function of other organs
42
Melatonin
Regulates daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep A Hormone
43
Oxytocin
Facilitates lactation and, with vasopressin, facilitates bonding at birth A Hormone
44
Adrenal hormones
Involved in emotions and stress 3 Adrenal Hormones: Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine A Hormone
45
Sex hormones
Regulate development and functioning of reproductive organs as well sexual characteristics in males and females 3 Sex Hormones: Androgens (Testosterone), estrogens, and progesterone
46
Cortisol
The Stress hormone Increases blood sugar, suppresses the immune system, and aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate
47
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A recording of neural activity detected by electrodes Low - Spatial Resolution High - Temporal Resolution (Best method)
48
Spatial Resolution
How good the method is at telling us where in the brain the activity occurred
49
Temporal Resolution
How good the method is at telling us when the the activity occurred in the brain
50
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
A method of stimulating brain cells, using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on a person's head; can be used by researchers to temporarily inactive neural circuits and is also being used therapeutically 2 Settings: - Activates area of the brain - Inactivates area of the brain
51
Positron-Emission Tomography (PET scan)
A method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain using injections of a glucose like substance containing a radioactive element 2-7 minute delay Medium - Spatial Resolution Low - Temporal Resolution
52
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A method for studying body and brain tissue that produces and detects vibrations in the atoms in the brain turning them into a picture
53
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
A form of MRI that gives rapid imaging of the brain and is often using in psychological research 6 second delay High - Spatial Resolution Medium - Temporal Resolution
54
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Split into the right and left hemispheres. Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe
55
Frontal Lobe
Conscious thought, decision making
56
Parietal Lobe
Sensory inputs | Sensation of touch
57
Occipital Lobe
Visual information Also known as the Visual Cortex Lobes at BACK of cerebral cortex
58
Temporal Lobe
Auditory input
59
Motor Cortex
Produces voluntary movement In Frontal Lobe
60
Broca's Area
Involved in speech production In Frontal Lobe
61
Cerebrum
In charge of higher forms of thinking Surrounded by the cerebral cortex It is split into two hemispheres connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum
62
Cerebral Cortex
A collection of several thin layers of cells (gray matter) which is split into 4 lobes Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe
63
Prefrontal Cortex
The frontmost portion of the frontal lobe involved in anxiety as well as working memory, abstract thinking, social behaviors, and executive functions such as decision making and strategic planning
64
Orbitofrontal Cortex
The area of the prefrontal cortex in charge of impulse control
65
Somatosensory Cortex
Sensation of touch In Parietal Lobe
66
Auditory Cortex
Processes hearing In Temporal Lobe
67
Brain Stem
The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla and the pons
68
Pons
1. Sleeping 2. Waking 3. Dreaming
69
Medulla
Automatic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate
70
Reticular Activating System
Arouses cortex and screens incoming information and produces neurotransmitters
71
Cerebellum
"Lesser Brain" In charge of: 1. Regulating movement and balance 2. Remembers simple skills 3. Acquired reflexes 4. Understanding Words
72
Thalamus
A brain structure that relays all sensory messages, except smell, to the cerebral cortex
73
Olfactory bulb
A brain structure that processes smell sensory messages
74
Hypothalamus
"under" thalamus ``` 4 F's: Feeding Fight Flight Sex ``` Controls the Autonomic NS Sends signals to the Pituitary gland
75
Pituitary gland
The Master Gland Releases hormones and regulates other glands Controlled by the Hypothalamus
76
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)
Responsible for fight or flight Designed to manager short term stress but causes problems with chronic stress
77
Adrenal Gland
Responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress Sit at the top of the kidneys Endocrine Glands
78
Amygdala
Responsible for regulation of emotion and emotional response Highly sensitive to faces Responsible for: Arousal Regulation of emotion Initial emotional responses to sensory information
79
Mental Illnesses in the Amygdala
Anxiety Disorders Major Depression Autism
80
Hippocampus
Involved in 1. Storage of new information in memory 2. Comparing sensory information to previous knowledge Enables us to form spatial memories for navigating the environment
81
Basal Ganglia
Involved in coordination of movement such as muscle memory or procedural learning 3 Areas: Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus
82
Nucleus Accembens
The pleasure/reward center for the brain that has dopamine receptors Responsible for learning Responsible for addiction
83
Sensory Nerves
Carry messages from muscles, glands, and internal organs
84
Motor Nerves
Carry messages to muscles, glands, and internal organs
85
Synaptic Cleft
A minuscule space that separates neurons
86
Receptor sites
Special molecules in the membrane of the receiving neuron's dendrites
87
Sensory Inputs
Taste, sound, smell, colors, pressure of touch, state of internal organs, etc.

Psych 1 (5 decks)

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