psych 100 exam Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
what is personality
A
a persons unique and stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behavior
2
Q
psychodynamic
A
unconscious motives, childhood experiences (frued, jung, adler)
3
Q
humanistic
A
free will and personal growth (rogers, maslow)
4
Q
learning/social cognitive
A
behavior shaped by environment and observation (Bandura)
5
Q
Trait
A
Personality consists of stable traits (big five (OCEAN))
6
Q
Biological
A
Genetics, brain structure, evolution influence personality
7
Q
Fruend’s personality theory
A
Free association: Say whatever comes to mind to uncover unconscious thoughts
Levels of Mind: Conscious-Current thoughts
Preconscious-Memories not in awareness but retrievable
Unconscious- Hidden desires, fears
8
Q
Id
A
Instincts, pleasure principles (immediate gratification)
9
Q
Ego
A
reality principles (balances Id & Superego)
10
Q
Superego
A
Morality (right vs. wrong)
11
Q
Pychosexual stages & fixations
A
Oral (0-1): Mouth (sucking and biting)
Anal (1-3):Toilet training
Phallic (3-6): Genitals (Oepidus/Electra complex)
Latency (6-12): Sexual feelings dormant
Genital (12+): Mature sexuality
12
Q
Repression
A
Pushing bad thoughts into unconscious
13
Q
Regression
A
Reverting to childlike behavior
14
Q
Displacement
A
taking anger out on someone else
15
Q
Projection
A
seeing your own flaws in others
16
Q
Sublimation
A
Channeling urges into positive actions (e.g., art)
17
Q
Jung:
A
Collective unconscious, shared human memories, archetypes (universal symbols)
18
Q
Adler
A
Striving for superiority, compensation (overcoming weaknesses)
19
Q
Problem with psychodynamic Theories
A
hard to test scientifically, too focused on childhood/sexuality
20
Q
Allport’s traits
A
Cardinal (dominant traits, e.g., narcissism)
Central (main traits, e.g., honesty)
21
Q
Openness
A
(creativity vs. traditional)
22
Q
conscientiousness
A
organized vs. careless
23
Q
extraversion
A
outgoing vs. shy
24
Q
Agreeableness
A
kind vs. cold
25
neuroticism
emotional stability vs. instability
26
Humanistic Theory
Rogers: Real vs. Ideal Theory (incongruence = unhappiness)
Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs (self-actualization = reaching full potential)
27
Operant Conditioning
Behavior shaped by rewards/punishments
28
Bandura
Observational Learning (imitating others), Reciprical Determinism (person, environment, behavior interact)
29
Locus of control
Internal (you control your fate)
external (luck/ fate controls outcomes)
30
what is abnormal behavior
Atypical, maladaptive, causes distress, deviant from norms
31
Causes of disorders
where do these disorders stem from
32
Pychodynamic
unresolved childhood conflicts
33
Biological
Genetics, brain chemistry
34
Learning
Conditioning, reinforcement
35
Cognitive
Negative thought patterns
36
Anxiety disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Constant worry
Phobias: Irrational fear (spiders, social anxiety, closed spaces, etc)
Panic Disorder: Sudden intense fear (panic attacks)
OCD: Obsessions (thoughts) + compulsions (actions)
37
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder: Long-term sadness, hopelessness
Bipolar Disorder: Alternates between depression & mania
38
Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: Hallucinations, delusions
Negative Symptoms: Lack of emotion, speech
39
Psychotherapy
5 different types of therapies
40
Psychoanalysis
free association, dream analysis
41
Person-Centered (Rogers)
Empathy, unconditional positive regard
42
Cognitive- Behavioral (CBT)
Change negative thoughts/behavior
43
Behavioral
Exposure therapy, token economies
44
Biomedical
Drugs (SSRIs, antipsychotics), ect
45
Who provides treatment?
Psychiatrist: Medical doctor, can prescribe drugs.
Psychologist: PhD in psychology, does therapy (no meds)
Therapist/Counselor: Master's degree, provides talk therapy
46
Insight therapy
Psychoanalysis (Freud): Free Association: says whatever comes to mind
dream analysis: uncover hidden meanings
transference: patient projects feelings onto therapist
Person-Centered (Rogers): Genuineness, Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard (acceptance)
47
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Behavioral Therapies: Systematic Desensitization: Gradual exposure to fears
Flooding: Full exposure to fear at once
Token Economies: Rewards good behavior with tokens
48
Biomedical Therapy
Drugs that treat many different types of therapy
49
SSRI's (Prozac)
Depression which affects serotonin
50
Benzodiazepines (Xanax)
treats anxiety (GABA)
51
Lithium
Bipolar disorder
52
Thorazine
Schizophrenia (affects dopamine)
53
ECT (shock therapy)
Severe depression
54
CBT
Best for anxiety/depression
55
Medication
Helps severe cases (e.g., schizophrenia
56
1st psych Lab
Wilhelm Wundt (1897)
57
structuralism (wundt)
Study the mind's structure
58
Functionalism (James)
How the mind helps survival
59
Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner)
Focus on the observable behavior
60
Psychodynamic (Frued)
Unconscious mind
61
Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow)
Free will, growth
62
Cognitive
Thoughts & problem-solving
63
Theory
Big idea explaining behavior
64
Hypothesis
Testable prediction
65
Operational Definition
Clear way to measure something (happiness= # of smiles per hour)
66
Experiments Need
IV (what's changed
DV (what's measured)
RA (no bias)
67
sensorimotor (0-2)
learn by senses
68
preoperational (2-7)
egocentric, no logic
69
concrete operational (7-11)
understand logic
70
formal operational (12+)
abstract thinking
71
secure attachment style
trusts caregivers
72
anxious attachment style
clingy, fears abandonment
73
avoidant attachment style
avoids closeness
74
disorganized attachment style
mixed reactions (abuse/trauma)
75
Trust vs. mistrust (0-1)
"Is the world safe?"
76
Identity vs. mistrust (teens)
"Who am I?"
77
Integrity vs. despair (old age)
"Did I live well?"
78
Dentrites
receives signals
79
axon
sends signals
80
synapse
gap between neurons
81
Central
Brain + spinal cord
82
Peripheral= Nerves in body
Somatic+ controls muscles
Autonomic automatic (heartbeat)
83
Sympathetic
fight-or-flight
84
parasympathetic
rest-and-digest
85
Frontal
Decisions-making
86
Temporal
Hearing/memory
87
Parietal
Touch/spatial awareness
88
occipital
vision
89
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
USC (food) -> UCR (saliva)
CS (bell) -> CR (saliva at bell)
90
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Reinforcement = increases behavior
Positive (add reward)
Negative (Remove punishment)
Punishment = Decreases behavior
91
Sensory memory type
Brief (1-2 sec)
92
Working
Short-term (holds ~7 items)
93
Long-term
Permanent storage
94
forgetting causes
Decay (fades over time)
Interference (new info blocks old)
95
attribution (fundamental error)
blaming others' behavior on personality (not situation)
96
conformity (Asch)
go along with group
97
obedience (milgram)
Follow authority
98
bystandard effect
More people = less help
99
Therapies
CBT = thoughts, Meds = biology
100
Development
Piaget (thinking), Erikson (social)
101
Memory
Sensory -> Working -> Long-term
102
Social
People follow groups/authority
103
fixed-ratio
reward after a set number of responses
104
variable-ratio
reward after an unpredictable number of responses
105
fixed-interval
reward after a fixed time passes
106
variable-interval
reward after random time intervals
107
attention (Bandura)
must watch the behavior
108
retention
must remember it
109
reproduction
must be able to do it
110
motivation
must want to do it
111
Primacy
remember first items
112
recency
Remember the last items
113
priming
earlier exposure influences later responses (e.g., seeing "yellow" makes you faster to recognize "banana")
114
Ineffective encoding
didn't learn it well
115
Decay
memory fades over time
116
interference
Proactive: old info blocks new (e.g., old password interferes with new one).
retroactive: new info blocks old (e.g., new phone number makes you forget old one)
117
retrograde
can't recall past memories
118
anterograde
can't form new memories
119
Interactionism[B = f (P, E)]
Behavior = function of personality + environment
120
attribution
explaining why people act a certain way
121
fundamental attribution erroe
blaming others' behavior on personality (not situation)
ex: "he's rude" (ignoring he might be stressed)
122
Source factors (Who says it?)
credibility (expertise), attractiveness, similarity
123
message factors (what is said?)
Logical vs. emotional (likes thinking), initial attitude
124
Conformity (Asch):
changing behavior to fit in (e.g., agreeing with wrong answers).
125
obedience (Milgram)
following orders (e.g., shocking someone because an authority says so).
126
Compliance
Agreeing to requests (e.g., buying because a salesperson is nice)
127
foot in the door
small requests -> bigger requests
128
door in the face
big requests -> smaller one
129
low-balling
Agreeing, then add hidden costs
130
Bystandard effect
Why people don't stop to help in emergencies
131
Diffusion of responsibility
("Someone else will help.")
132
Informational influence
look to others for cues
133
evaluation apprehension
Fear of looking foolish
134
Decision model of helping
notice event -> interpret as emergency -> take responsibility -> know how to help -> act
