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Psych 1001 > Psych 1001 Chapter 4-6 > Flashcards

Psych 1001 Chapter 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Thresholds

A

Absolute Threshold, Just Noticeable Difference

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2
Q

Single-Detection Theory

A

It’s a mixture of sensory processes and the decision processes.

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3
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Sensory input that falls beneath our conscious awareness. Possible but has weak/short lived effect on behavior.

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4
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Long term exposure that leads to a decline in sensitivity and no longer feel the effects.

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5
Q

Three Properties of Light

A
  1. Amplitude: Brightness
  2. Wavelength: Color
  3. Purity: Saturation
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6
Q

Eye structures in the Retina

A
  1. Retina: Absorbs light, processes images and sends information.
  2. Visual receptor cells / Rods - Black and white + Peripheral and Cones + color + center
  3. Optic Disk - Nerve leaves the eye.
  4. Fovea: Tiny Spot in the center of the retina containing only cones.
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7
Q

Routing Signals

A

Main Pathway: Lateral geniculate nucleus (Thamalus) - primary visual cortex

Second Pathway: Superor Colliculus - Thalamus - Primary visual cortex

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8
Q

Two Types of Color Mixing

A
  1. Additive

2. Subtractive

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9
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Receptors of red, green , blue and color mixing occurs via varied rations of neural activity.

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10
Q

Evidence of Trichromatic Theory

A
  1. Primary colors - Add colors together to see light
  2. Colour Blindness - Not seeing certain colors
  3. 3 types of cones - sensitive to each color
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11
Q

Opponent process theory

A

3 pairs of antagonist colors: red/green blue/yellow black/white

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12
Q

Evidence of Opponent Process

A
  1. Complementary colors: Colors that you combine them to make grey
  2. Afterimages: Colors that when stared at too long can be seen on other surfaces
  3. What about yellow? Is a necessary fourth color.
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13
Q

Subjectivity Perception

A

Involves interpretation of sensory input. We don’t always pay attention to all sensory input.

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14
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

A failure to see a change in what we are looking at. Failing to see something obvious.

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15
Q

Feature Analysis

A

Specific elements and assembling them into complex forms. (Bigger picture to smaller picture)

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16
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Progression from individual elements to the whole picture. (Smaller to bigger)

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17
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

The whole is more than the sum of its parts.

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18
Q

Distal Stimuli

A

Stimuli outside of the body (looking from a distance)

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19
Q

Proximal Stimuli

A

Stimuli energies impinging on sensory receptors. (the way we perceive it from the way we see it)

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20
Q

Perceptual Hypotheses

A

Difference about which distal stimuli create the proximal stimuli we sense.

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21
Q

Perceptual Consistencies

A

Stable perception amid changing stimuli, we continue to see the object the same though the stimuli changes the look.

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22
Q

Optical Illusion

A

Difference between the visual appearance and physical reality.

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23
Q

Three Properties of sound

A
  1. Amplitude = Loudness / pressure
  2. Wavelength = Pitch / frequency
  3. Purity = Timbre/ Based on a single frequency vibration
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24
Q

External Ear

A

Pinna collect sound like a funnel. Send it to the ear drum causing vibration in the ear.

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25
Q

Middle Ear

A

The ossicles (hammer, anvil and stirrup) amplifying change in air pressure and vibrates oval window.

26
Q

Inner Ear

A

Sound enters the oval window, into the fluid-filled cochlea contains auditory receptors (hair cells.) lined in the Basilar membrane.

27
Q

Theories of Hearing

A

Place Theory: Different pitches correspond with vibrations on different places on the basilar membrane.

Frequency Theory: The brain detects the frequency of a tone by the rate at which the entire membrane vibrates.

28
Q

Auditory Localization

A

Intensity of the noise and the time it takes to hit both ears.

29
Q

Taste Receptors

A

Taste is done through soluble chemical substances that are absorbed through the taste buds. (each taste has its own receptors.)

30
Q

Taste Receptor Pathway

A

Taste buds > Neural impulse > Thalamus > Cortex frontal lobe

31
Q

Smell Receptors

A

Soluble chemicals substances in the air that dissolve in the mucus, through the noise hairs (olfactory cilia) stimulating them.

32
Q

Smell Pathway

A

Olfactory cilia > neural impulse > olfactory bulb olfactory cortex (temporal lobe.)

33
Q

Human Olfactory capabilities

A
  • Hard to classify
  • Ability to distinguish odors is good
  • Ability to name odors is poor
34
Q

Touch Stimuli

A

Mechanical, thermal and chemical energy impinging on the skin

35
Q

Touch Receptors

A

Temperature, pressure and pain

36
Q

Touch Pathway

A

Sensory receptors > spinal column > brainstem > cross to opposite side of the brain > thalamus > parietal lobe

37
Q

Two pain pathways:

A
  1. Fast: Quick pain felt in a split second, via myelinated a delta fibers.
  2. Slow: Slower less localized pain aching via unmyelinated c fibers. Longer lasting
38
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Pain signals can be blocked by “gate” in spinal cord. Doing a different action can stop pain from being felt.

39
Q

Kinesthetic

A

Knowing the position of the body parts. Joints bending and muscles flexing.

40
Q

Vestibular Systems

A

Responsible for equilibrium and movement space.

41
Q

Two Types of Vestibular Organs

A

Otolith organs: Tiny sac containing crystals. When the sac vibrates it tells the crystals about movement.

Semicircular canals: Three fluid-filled canals containing hair cells.

42
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of internal and external stimuli. A sense of the world and of ourselves.

43
Q

Waking Consciousness

A

State which one is alert, thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear and organized.

44
Q

Altered States of consciousness

A

Where there is a diminished quality or pattern of mental activity. Feeling fuzzy or unfocused. (hypnosis, drug use and daydreaming.)

45
Q

Brain Activity

A

EEG: Monitoring brain electrical activity shows that consciousness is spread through out the brain.
Brain waves, amplitude heights and frequency cycles per second.

46
Q

EEG Patterns Alertness:

A

Beta: 13-24 normal waking thought
Alpha 8-12 deep relaxation, meditation
Theta 4-7 light sleep
Delta less than 4 deep sleep

47
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

24h biological clock. Regulates sleep and other functions. Light plays a role.

48
Q

Pathway of sleep

A

Light > retina > suprachiasmatic hypothalamus > pineal gland > secretion of melatonin

49
Q

Stage 1 (sleep cycle.)

A

Alpha waves > Theta waves (1-7min)
hypnic jerks
light, noise, time you slept and ate.
Breathing, heart rate slows down.

50
Q

Stage 2 (Sleep cycle)

A

10-25 minutes sleep spindles

-Brief burst of brain waves

51
Q

Stage 3 & 4 (sleep)

A

Slow-wave (delta 30min)20-50% or less stage 3

50% + stage 4

52
Q

Stage 5 (sleep)

A

REM: like being awake, vivid dreaming. each cycles gets longer.

53
Q

Complete Sleep Deprivation

A

3 or 4 days before body crashes and forces to sleep.

54
Q

Partial Deprivation

A

Impaired attention, reaction time, reduced attention.

55
Q

Sleep Loss

A

Attention, reaction time, motor coordination, memory etc..

56
Q

Dreams Theories

A
  1. (Freud) Dream as a wish fulfillment. Satisfy unconscious needs in a disguised fashion. (latent content)
  2. The problem-solving view (Cartwright.) review problems with a reduce logical constraints.
  3. Activation-Synthesis model - Cortex constructs a story to make sense of internal signals from lower brain centers.
57
Q

Effect of Hypnosis

A
  1. Anesthesia
  2. Sensory Distortions
  3. Disinhibition
  4. Amnesia
58
Q

Types of Drugs

A
  1. Narcotics -pain relief
  2. Sedatives - sleep inducing
  3. Stimulant - Increase activity
  4. Hallucinogens : Distort sensory and perceptual experience.
  5. Cannabis - produces mild, relaxed euphoria.
  6. Alcohol - Produces relaxed euphoria and decreases inhibitions
59
Q

Physical Dependence

A

When a person must continue taking drugs to avoid withdrawal as their body needs it to function.

60
Q

Psychological dependence

A

When a person thinks they need a drug to function and what an emotional/mental craving for it.

61
Q

Evaluative Conditioning

A

Neutral UCS can evoke an emotional / attitudes reaction if paired with a positive or negative stimuli (CS)

Psych 1001 (2 decks)

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