PSYCH 104 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Central Nervous system
A
Brain, spinal cord
2
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
connects the CNS with muscles(sensory neurons and motor nerves)
3
Q
Somatic system
A
related to voluntary behavior
4
Q
Automatic nervous system
A
related to involuntary movement
5
Q
Brain
A
2 % of our body weight ,uses 20 of are oxygen
6
Q
Spinal cord
A
Most nerves enter the central nervous system from here
7
Q
Spinal Reflex
A
simple stimulus that results in movement without thinking
8
Q
PNS(Autonomic)
A
emotion, stress, digestion and circulation
9
Q
PNS(Somatic)
A
Sensory nerves, motor nerves
10
Q
Parasympathetic
A
stops/calms
11
Q
Sympathetic
A
excites/activates
12
Q
Neuropsychological tests
A
Can be used to measure verbal and non verbal behavior.
13
Q
Destruction
A
Damaging parts of the brain to see how it changes behavior
14
Q
Stimulation
A
Stimulating parts of the brain with an electric current
15
Q
Electrocephlogram(EEG)
A
Records the electrical activity of thousands of neurons.
16
Q
Computerized Tomography
A
Many x rays taken of the brain put into one image
17
Q
Positron Emission Tomography
A
Person is injected with a harmless radioactive tracer which can be tracked to measure blood flow
18
Q
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A
Used to measure biological structures by measuring magnetic pulses
19
Q
Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI)
A
attempts to measure neural activity by detecting changes in hemoglobin
20
Q
Brain stem(medulla)
A
Heart and respiration
21
Q
Brain stem(Pons)
A
regulate sleep, dreaming and respiration
22
Q
Cerebellum
A
muscular movement
23
Q
Thalamus(forebrain)
A
routes sensory information, acts like a sensory switchboard
24
Q
Basal ganglia(forebrain)
A
controls voluntary muscle movement, plays a role in learning/rewards
25
Hypothalamus (Forebrain)
important for hormone regulation
26
Hippocampus(Limbic system)
forming/retrieving memories
27
Amygdala(limbic system
organizes emotional response patterns( aggression/fear)
28
nucleus accumbens(limbic system)
important for behaviors associated with reward/motivation
29
Frontal lobe
planning attention reasoning and judgment
30
Parietal lobe
body sensations, touch pain and temperature
31
Temporal lobe
Auditory processing
32
Occipital lobe
Contains the primary visual cortex
33
primary motor cortex (Frontal lobe)
Controls voluntary movement of over 600 muscles
34
Somatic sensory cortex (parietal lobe)
receives sensory input from various regions of the body
35
Cerebral cortex
Audition, vision, touch
36
Association cortex(cerebral cortex)
involved in the integration of activity of language and perception
37
Broca's area(language production)
Formulation of speech
38
Motor cortex(language production)
muscles that coordinate speech
39
Wernicke's area(language comprehension)
temporal lobe
40
Neural plasticity
refers to the ability of neurons to change in structure/function over time
41
Neurogenesis
plays a role in the development of new neurons
42
Lateralization
refers to the tendency for some cognitive functions to be located in one area
43
corpus callosum
The bridge that is used to communicate with the two parts of the brain
44
left hemisphere
logic, positive emotion and language
45
right hemispheres
spatial processing, melody perception, imagery and negative emotion
46
Genotype
Genetic code
47
phenotype
what shows
48
epigenetic
genes that can be turned off due to environmental factors
49
polygenetic transmission
when a characteristic is controlled by two genes
50
gene knockout
certain genes are disabled
51
heritably coefficient
statistical estimate of variation among a group of people due to genetic factors
52
variance
differences in a trait across Indvidual's within a specific group
53
Twins and adoption studies
provide an experiment that allows you to estimate variance with genetic and Enviromental factors
54
concordance rate
higher rates of this are found among individuals who are related to each other suggesting that Gentetics are the cause
55
Identical twins (raised together or apart)
Together: same genetic same environment
Raised apart: same genetic different environment
56
meta-analysis
a research technique where researchers will collect and put together a wide range of previously conducted research,
57
Minnesota twin study
large scale study which tried to find the amount that genetics relates to personally
58
reaction range(Ex IQ)
refers to the genetically influenced limits in which environmental factors affect an organism(for example enrichment and IQ)
59
Evolutionary noise
neutral changes that nether change or hurt an organisms survival
60
Domain-specific adaptations
adaptations that solve particular problems
61
Broad adaptations
are general muti purpose
62
Evolutionary psychology
how behavior and tendances have evolved over time
63
Evolutionary psychology(Personality)
40-50% of variance is related to the five factor model of personality.
64
OCEAN
Openness, Conscientness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
65
altruism
one helps another but there are costs involved
66
reciprocal altruism theory
general helping not based on if you are related to the person or not
67
Color-grapheme synesthesia
people perceiving numbers as being colored a certain way
68
Sensation and perception(STFP)
Sensation: Begins with sense organs receiving stimuli.
Transduction: stimulus is converted to nerve impulses.
Feature detectors: are neurons which respond to specific features.
Perception: involves giving meaning to input.
69
Absolute threshold
Intensity at which stimulus can be detected 50% of the time.
70
Signal Detection Theory
Addresses the question of what factors influence sensory judgment
71
Color grapheme synesthesia
e.g. perceiving certain numbers as color (abnormal cross modal associations)
72
Weber's law
The psychological experience of sensation is relative.
73
Sensation and Perception (Sensation)
Sensation: Begins with a sense organ translating stimuli
74
Sensation and Perception (Transduction)
stimuli are converted to nerve impulse
75
Sensation and Perception(Featured Detectors)
are neurons which respond to specific features
76
Dominance hierarchies
can reduce conflict
77
psychophysics
refers to the relationship between the physical characteristics
78
Just noticeable difference (JND)
small difference between two stimuli that can be detected
79
sensory adaptation
refers to diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimuli
80
Rods
black and white vision
81
cones(fovea)
color vision
82
bipolar cells
gets signals from rods and cones
83
ganglion cell
bipolar cells connect to them then it goes to the optic nerve
84
photopigments
protein molecules that translate light into neural code
85
Trichromatic Theory
any color can created from mixing the primary colors together
86
opponent process theory
we have three cones which respond to two different color's
87
Dual process theory
combines ideas from opponent theory and trichromatic.
88
feature detectors
Neurons made to detect stimuli characteristics like shape or color
89
retinotopy
two points that are close on a image will be processed in areas of the cortex that are close together
90
frequency
relates to pitch
91
amplitude
relates to how loud something
92
eardrum(Outer ear)
vibrates in response to incoming sound waves
93
hammer(Middle ear)
forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear
93
hammer(Middle ear)
forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear
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anvil(middle ear)
connected to two other bones in the middle ear
95
stirrup(middle ear)
forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear
96
Cochlea(inner ear)
fluid filled tube which has hair cells as sound receptors
97
Outer ear
sound enters the auditory canal and strikes the eardrum
98
Middle ear
vibrations cause the anvil,stirrup and hammer to vibrate
99
Inner ear
these vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move
100
place theory(high frequency)
a place in the cochlea that respond to different frequency's of sound due to place ment of hair cells
101
binaural hearing
hearing with two ears assists with localizing sound
102
conduction deafness (cochlea)
problems relating to the cochlea
103
gustation (tase)
taste buds
104
umami (taste)
the fifth dimension that regulates taste meaty savory
105
olfactory bulb(Nasal cavity)
smell receptors
106
Gate control theory (pain)
pain happens as a result of opening and closing spinal cord gates
107
kinesthesis
feedback about muscles and joint position
108
vestibular system (balance)
provides information related to balance
109
schemas
a mental representation of an image
110
perception constancies
our ability to recognize objects perceived in slightly different contexts as being the same
111
Montion parallax(speed and distance)
nearby objects appear to move past us faster when they are closer to us
112
state of consciousness
a way of experiencing internal and external events
113
conscious
mental events we are aware of
114
preconscious
outside of current awareness but can be easily recalled
115
unconscious
not typically brought into conscious awareness
116
insular cortex(mood)
associated with the processing of interspersal and physical warmth
117
controlled processing
voluntary use of attention
118
Automatic processing
little to no conscious processing required
119
visual agnosia(Identify)
inability to identify objects
120
Simultagnosia(perception)
inability to perceive more than one object at once
121
blindsight (stimulus)
reporting not being able to see visual stimuli
122
rouge test (awareness)
a test to see what animals are self aware
123
circadian rhythm (biological cycles )
biological cycles of changes throughout the day
124
SCN(circadian rhythm)
regulates circadian rhythm
125
Rem sleep
typically involves sleep paralysis
126
Restoration model
allows the body to recharge
