Psych 104 Midterm #2 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
An organism’s actions in response to stimuli, either internal or external, is called this
A
Behaviour
2
Q
A change in heritable traits in a population over time is known as this
A
Evolution
3
Q
This is the most common type of evolution, often called survival of the fittest
A
Natural Selection
4
Q
These are the basic unit of heredity and how traits are passed on and received
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Genes
5
Q
What are the basic DNA genes? (4 of them)
A
Adenine (A) and Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)
6
Q
A complete sequence of genetic material for an organism is referred to as this
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Genome
7
Q
This is a chemical substance containing nucleotides
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DNA
8
Q
These are strands of DNA wound around each other
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Chromosomes (2 copies of each chromosome, 23 pairs, so 46 in total)
9
Q
Specific genetic makeup is called this
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Genotype
10
Q
Observable characteristics due to genetic makeup is known as this
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Phenotype
11
Q
A lasting change in gene function during development, not caused by genes themselves, is called this
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Epigenetics
12
Q
This is the method of joining two or more DNA molecules together to create a hybrid
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Recombinant DNA
13
Q
A
14
Q
complete removal of a gene or just making it non-functinal is called this procedure
A
Gene knockout procedure
15
Q
The estimate of how much a characteristic is due to genetic factor
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Heritability Coefficient
16
Q
The rate of co-occurance of a characteristic among individuals
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Concordance Rate
17
Q
This is the name of of the range of possibilities you can inherit
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Reaction Range
18
Q
These are the big 5 personality traits
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Openness,conscientiousness, Extrovertness/introvertness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
19
Q
These are the two types of Adaptations
A
Broad and Domain specific
20
Q
When there is one female and many males
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Polyandry
21
Q
When there is many females and one male
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Polygyny
22
Q
When there is many females and many males
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Polygynandry
23
Q
When one individual helps another and gains some advantage
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Cooperation
24
Q
When one individual helps another, but there are some costs involved
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Altruism
25
Stimulation of sense organs (sensory nerves)
Sensation
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The selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input
Perception
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How physical stimuli are translated into psychological experiences
Psychophysics
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Any detectable input from the environment
Stimulus
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This is the minimum amount of stimulus an organism can detect accurately 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
30
The Smallest difference in the amount that a specific sense can detect
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
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This law states that the size of the JND is a constant (weber fraction) that is proportional to the size of the initial stimulus
Webers law
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This law states that perception is subjective as intensity gets bigger the the JND gets smaller and vise versa
Fechner's law
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This theory states that detection of a stimuli involves a decision process as well as a sensory process
Signal Detection Theory
34
This is the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
Subliminal Perception
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This is the gradual decline in sensory due to prolonged stimulation
Sensory Adaptation
36
The numbers of cycles/waves per second measured in hertz is known as this in the auditory system
Frequency
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The distance between waves and measured in M or MM, in the auditory system is known as this
Wavelength
38
In the auditory system how clean the waves are (how much timber there is) determines this
Purity
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The Pinna and Ear canal are apart of this in the ear
The outer ear
40
The eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the ossicles are apart of this in the ear
The middle ear
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these are the parts of the ossicles
Midas, incus, stapes
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The cochlea (a liquid filled organ) is apart of this section of the ear
The inner ear
43
This is the swirly part of the cochlea
Basilar membrane
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This theory states that pith production corresponds to location of vibrations along the basilar membrane
Place theory
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This theory states that to detect pith, the entire basilar membrane vibrates and how it moved determines the pitch
Frequency theory
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when there is something physically wrong with the ear, you have this type of deafness
Conductive deafness
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When the nerve connection or brain is damaged you have this type of deafness
Nerve deafness
48
These are the five tastes
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
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The Gustatory and olfactory are this type of sense
Chemical sneses
50
These are the three stimuli for the Tactile system
Mechanical, thermal, chemical
51
You perceive pressure through this cortex
Somatosensory cortex
52
This theory states that we control how much pain we feel, by blocking it
Gate control theory
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These two neurotransmitters help with blocking pain, as they are the bodies natural morphine
Andreline and endorphine
54
This monitors position of various body parts
Kinesthetic system
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This monitors the position of the body is in space
Vestibular
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When viewing close objects the lens is this shape
short and fat
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when viewing far objects the lens is this shape
tall and skinny
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These receptors are centered around the fovea, and help with daylight and colour vision
Cones
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These receptors are centered away from the fovea and help with night vision, peripheral and movement
Rods
60
In the visual system the wavelength represents this
the hue
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In the visual system the amplitude represents this
brightness
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In the visual system the purity represents this
saturation
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when you superimpose light into a mixture you are using this type of colour mixing
Additive colour mixing (P.C. Blue, Red, Green)
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When you remove light into a mixture you are using this type of colour mixing
Subtractive colour mixing (P.C. yellow, red, blue)
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This theory states that there are three visual receptors(one for each colour). This theory also explains colour blindness
Trichromatic theory
66
This theory states that there are three visual receptors that each see two colours and works like a switch. This theory also explains afterimages
Opponent-process theory
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this visual theory is a combination of the two main theories
duel-process theory
68
This form of depth perception is based on the image that is in either eye alone
Monocular-depth perception
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This form of depth perception is based on the difference between visual fields
Binocular-depth perception
70
When you look at each individual element first then put them together into a big picture you are using this type of processing
Bottom up processing
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When you see the big picture first and then look at each element you are using this type of processing
Top down processing
72
These are the four Gestalt laws of organization
similarity, proximity, closure, continuity
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These are the three perceptual constancies
shape, size, brightness
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This view comes from Freud and splits the conscious into three parts
The psychodynamic view
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This view splits the consciousness into two parts (controlled and automatic)
The cognitive view
76
In stage one of sleep (light sleep) you have these waves
alpha/betas turn into theta waves
77
In stage 2 of sleep (deeper sleep) you get these
sleep spindles
78
In stage 3 and 4 of sleep you get this kind of waves
delta waves
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In stage 5 of sleep (REM) you get these kind of waves
Beta waves
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This theory states that all dreams have meaning, wish fulfillment
Freud's dream protection theory
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This theory states that dreams are just random firings of the brain
Activation synthesis theory
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This is the most common sleep disorder
Insomnia
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This theory states that your experience with hypnosis is determined on your expectations, beliefs and attitude
Social cognitive theory of hypnosis
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This theory states that hypnosis is based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated
Dissociation theory of hypnosis
85
This is when you have a recurring problem associated with drugs
Substance abuse (ex. binge drinking)
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This is a more serious pattern of drug use that leads to clinically significant impairment
Substance dependence
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Psychological reactions opposite effects of drugs,the brain trying to adjust to the imbalance
compensatory responses
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This types of drugs are similar to naturally made neurotransmitters
Psychoactive drugs
89
These drugs suppress the central nervous system, have a calming or hypnotic effect
Depressants
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These drugs rev up the central nervous system, includes; nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines and caffeine
Stimulants
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This is the most powerful natural stimulant, blocking the receptors for norepinephrine and dopamine
Cocaine
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The drugs are used treat acute anxiety and insomnia, high doses have a strong depressant effect
sedatives/hypnotics
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These drugs relive pain and give sleep
Narcotics/opiates
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These drugs produce dramatic alterations in mood, perception and thought
Psychedelics and hallucinogens
95
These are the three types of learning
Habitation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning
96
The process by which we respond less strongly over a period of time to a repeated stimulus
Habitation (highly specific)
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This is the increase in strength of a repeated stimulus
Sensitization (often not specific)
98
The Unconditioned stimulus (US) falls into these two categories
appetitive and aversive
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When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is still present when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is still present
forward-short delay
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When the CS is active then turns off when the US starts
Forward trace
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When the CS and the US are presented at the same time
simultaneous
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When the CS is presented after the US
Backward
103
This is what the end of an association is called
extinction
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When you involve two CS and no US you have this type of conditioning
higher order conditioning
105
The extinction of a CR through exposure to CS without the presence of the US
Exposure therapy
106
Muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulants
Systematic desensitization
107
The complete exposure to fearful stimulus is called this
Flooding
108
Learning that is controlled by consequences of an organism's behaviour
operant learning
109
This law, by Edward Thorndike, states that the strength of bond is determined on how satisfying the stimulus is
The law of effect
110
when the consequences of an action consist of presenting something good
positive reinforcement
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When the consequences of an action consist of removing something bad
negative reinforcement
112
when the consequences of an action consist of presenting something bad
positive punishment
113
when the consequences of an action consist of removing something good
negative punishment
114
when you reinforce successful approximations towards a final response
shaping
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when you reinforce response with opportunity to preform the next response
chaining
116
when reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
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when reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, surrounding an average
Variable Ratio schedule (VR)
118
when reinforcement is given after the first correct response after a fixed time interval
fixed interval schedule (FI)
119
