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PSYCH 110 > PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 9 and 13) > Flashcards

PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 9 and 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

habitual ways in which an individual responds to the environment that differs across individuals and are relatively consistent across time

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2
Q

What are the “building blocks” of personality?

A

trait theories

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3
Q

What do biological theories of personality address?

A

if we differ due to physiological differences

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4
Q

What do developmental theories of personality address?

A

if we differ due to distinct early childhood experiences

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5
Q

Types of Development Theories of Personality

A

Freudian, Attachment, and Social Learning

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6
Q

What do humanist theories of personality address?

A

if we differ due to choices and goals as we pursue our potential

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7
Q

Trait

A

characteristic and stable pattern of thought, feeling, or behavior; building block of personality (structuralist notion)

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8
Q

Big 5 Traits

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

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9
Q

Examples of “openness to experience”

A

imaginative vs down-to-earth; variety vs routine; independent vs conforming

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10
Q

Examples of “conscientiousness”

A

organized vs disorganized; careful vs careless; self-disciplined vs weak-willed

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11
Q

Examples of “extraversion”

A

social vs retiring; fun-loving vs sober; affectionate vs reserved

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12
Q

Examples of “agreeableness”

A

softhearted vs ruthless; trusting vs suspicious; helpful vs uncooperative

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13
Q

Examples of “neuroticism”

A

worried vs calm; insecure vs secure; self-pitying vs self-satisfied

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14
Q

What is significant about the Big 5?

A

it’s a descriptive model of personality we use to describe others and ourselves (specifically if we don’t know the other person well)

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15
Q

Is the using the Big 5 universal?

A

yes; the tendency to describe people using the big 5 is universal across cultures; everyone seems to think these are important things to know about each other (possible these are characteristic ways people differ that are important for social interactions)

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16
Q

Analogue

A

using the same dimensions to quickly describe someone’s appearance (height, weight, hair color, etc.)

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17
Q

What’s a sixth trait that appears in many East and South Asian countries?

A

Honesty/Humility

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18
Q

Temperament

A

differences in emotional responding that vary across individuals and have a biological basis

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19
Q

Characteristics of temperament

A

widely studied; highly heritable; measured in infacy

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20
Q

What is inhibited temperament?

A

fear/shyness; can be measured in the womb

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21
Q

T/F: temperament remains stable

A

true; predict parent reports at 3 months, observations at 4 months, and peer and teacher report at age 8 and beyond; ALTHOUGH can change (inhibited can become uninhibited)

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22
Q

What did Eysenck study?

A

differences in extraversion vs introversion due to arousability - also thought to be primary factor in temperament

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23
Q

Extroverts

A

low arousability - they seek external stimulation (e.g., lower heart rate in response to stimulation so seek more)

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24
Q

Introverts

A

high arousability - they avoid external stimulation (e.g., higher heart rate to same stimulation so seek less)

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25
Q

How does the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) relate to extro/introverts?

A

differences in the two systems can account for why one person may be extroverted while another is introverted

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26
Q

BIS>BAS

A

introverts; more sensitive to punishment than reward

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27
Q

BAS>BIS

A

extroverts; more sensitive to reward than punishment

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28
Q

Are the Big 5 traits heritable?

A

it appears so; identical twins more similar than fraternal twins in Big 5 (can still change w/ environment or over time)

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29
Q

Freudian Developmental Focus

A

personality will be determined by how a child passes through “psychosexual stages”; if a child never passes certain stages while growing up, they’ll develop fixations that show up under stress in the future

30
Q

Oral Fixation

A

if an oral phase (such as weaning) doesn’t go well, one may develop an oral fixation as an adult; this may lead adult yo be prone to excessive eating/drinking, etc.

31
Q

Anal Fixation

A

if something goes wrong during the toilet training phase, an anal fixation may develop when the individual is an adult; this may lead adult to be compulsively neat and precise

32
Q

Phallic Fixation

A

happens from 3 to 6 years of age; Oedipus or Electra complex - child has a fixation on opposite-sex parent and hates same-sex parent as a result; you overcome complex by wanting to be like same-sex parent; if you never get out of this complex, as an adult you may be uncomfortable in your gender role

33
Q

Was Freud correct?

A

there is no evidence of Freud’s theories; however, psychoanalysis continues to be taught as a therapeutic approach

34
Q

Attachment Theory

A

bonds between infant and caregiver will influence the individual’s interaction with others throughout their lifespan

35
Q

What are attachment styles influenced by?

A

child temperament and early caregiver behavior

36
Q

Attributes of someone with Secure Attachment Style

A

comfortable with relationships; easily form relationships, had consistently warm, responsive parenting; 65% of US

37
Q

Attributes of someone with Anxious Attachment Style

A

want relationships but insecure; unreliable responsive parenting (parent warm when available, but not always available); 10-15% of US

38
Q

Attributes of someone with Avoidant Attachment Style

A

dismissive of relationships; parent unavailable/unresponsive, child learns to self-soothe; 20-25% of US

39
Q

Explain Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test

A

children (18 mos.) w/ different attachment styles were put into fun/interesting rooms with their parents; the experiment has three stages: explore, separate, reunite

40
Q

Secure attachment style in Ainsworth Test

A

explores but still interacts with parent; upset when parent leaves; can be comforted when parent returns

41
Q

Anxious attachment style in Ainsworth Test

A

clings to parent; upset when parent leaves; cannot be comforted easily when parent returns

42
Q

Avoidant attachment style in Ainsworth Test

A

ignores parent while there; does not ACT upset when parent leaves (but heart rate increases); does not greet parent upon their return

43
Q

Does attachment theory continue into adulthood and with other relationships?

A

yes; if parents were loving and responsive as a child, there’s an expectancy that partner will also be available, trustworthy, and loving

44
Q

Explain Follow Up Ainsworth Test

A

brought back old Ainsworth test subjects when they were adults (all female, with their boyfriends); the girls sat in the waiting room with their bfs, the experimenter takes them and tells them they’re in a pain study requiring the use of a faulty machine, they send the girls back out to their bfs as they try to fix the machine, and they see how the girls respond.

45
Q

Secure attachment style in follow up study

A

sought and received comfort

46
Q

Anxious attachment style in follow up study

A

clingy; not comforted

47
Q

Avoidant attachment style in follow up study

A

sat further away from partner; did not mention it

48
Q

T/F: attachment emerge primarily under stress

A

true; it explains why you could not tell the attachment style of any of the participants while they were sitting in the waiting room initially

49
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

personality dispositions are shaped through development by learning experience

50
Q

Modeling (Bandura)

A

children will imitate the behaviors (e.g., aggressive, sex-typed, polite, etc.) of adults or peers that they see or that they see get rewarded

51
Q

Locus of Control (Bandura)

A

the extent to which one believes influential forces lie w/in vs outside the individual - internal healthier than external

52
Q

Self-efficacy (Bandura)

A

beliefs about self’s own ability and competence - can be domain specific (e.g., athletics, academics, etc.) - high self efficacy may lead to greater persistence on challenging tasks

53
Q

Humanistic Theories on Personality

A

doesn’t place much emphasis on early childhood; emphasizes free will and growth - individual plays major role in shaping own personality (we differ in what we strive for)

54
Q

Self-actualizing Motive

A

the process by which people strive to fulfill their individual potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding

55
Q

Maslow’s Pyramid

A
56
Q

What shapes personality according to humanistic theories?

A

self-congruity

57
Q

Ideal Self

A

who one HOPES to be

58
Q

Ought Self

A

who one thinks one SHOULD be (given context/environment you’re already in)

59
Q

Actual Self

A

who one is right now

60
Q

T/F: People are always trying to bring actual self into congruence with the other two

A

True

61
Q

What does ideal-actual incongruity lead to?

A

depression

62
Q

What does ought-actual incongruity lead to?

A

anxiety

63
Q

Even though personality is GENERALLY stable, people’s behaviors are rather inconsistent. Why?

A

situationism

64
Q

Situationism

A

theory that situational norms determine behavior at any specific time point more than personality does

65
Q

Strong situations (in situationism)

A

those most likely to determine behavior (job interviews, classrooms, etc.) because the social norms of how to behave in that situation are strong

66
Q

Role of Personality in Strong Situations

A
67
Q

You are usually a very loud, extroverted person. However, during a funeral you know to be quiet and respectful. What is the funeral acting as in this case?

A

a strong situation; determines behavior despite your personality

68
Q

Weak Situations (in situationism)

A

situations with few social norms, so people can behave freely and naturally (parties, parks, hanging out in dorm common room, etc.)

69
Q

Role of Personality in Weak Situations

A

personality can predict behavior in weak situations

70
Q

Personality vs Situations

A

situations change across time and single instances of behavior will be predicted by the situation; personality remains stable and can predict behavioral patterns across time

PSYCH 110 (6 decks)

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