psych 120 C Intro to Psychology

Question 1

Sigmund Freud believed…

Answer 1

the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions that it makes on the basis of psychological drives. The id, ego, and super-ego are three aspects of the mind Freud believed to comprise a person’s personality.

Question 2

what is the Social-cognitive theory?
(HINT Each action or attitude witnessed has the potential to change a person’s way of thinking.)

Answer 2

the idea that humans learn by observing others with the development of new behavior relying on cognition and the environment.

Question 3

What is Observational learning?

Answer 3

learning by observing someone else’s behavior and its consequences

Question 4

What is Reciprocal Determinism?
(HINT through external social stimulus events)

Answer 4

a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.

Question 5

Internal locus of control

Answer 5

believe that they, as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives.
tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts.

Question 6

External loss of control

Answer 6

tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control.
* Believe lives are controlled by other people, luck, or chance.

Question 7

Encoding

Answer 7

involves the input of information into the memory system

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

is the retention of the encoded information

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

is getting the information out of memory and back into awarenes

Question 10

Semantic encoding
(type of deep processing that focuses on the meaning of information rather than its sensory or structural characteristics.)

Answer 10

encoding of words and their meanings

Question 11

Visual encoding

Answer 11

encoding of images

Question 12

Acoustic encoding

Answer 12

encoding of sounds

Question 13

Explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 13

memories of facts and events we can consciously remember and recall/declare

Question 14

Explicit memories include two types
(HINT:Knowing who someone is and the other is knowing where,when, what of remebering

Answer 14

Semantic – knowledge about words, concepts and language.
- Knowing who the President is.

Episodic – information about events we have personally experienced.
- The what, where, when of an event.

Question 15

Implicit memory/Procedural
(- E.g. how to ride a bike, tie your shoelaces, drive.) learnded through condioning

Answer 15

Implicit memory - memories that are not part of our consciousness.
- Formed through behaviors.
Procedural – stores information about how to do things.
Implicit memory also includes behaviors learned through
emotional conditioning.
- You might have a fear of spiders but not consciously
remember why or what occurred to condition that fear.

Question 16

Suggestibility is…

Answer 16

the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the
creation of false memories.
- Can cause people to claim to remember something that was only a suggestion
someone made.
- An important area of study has been the role of suggestibility in eyewitness
testimonies.

Question 17

Forgetting type
Transience is (storage decay)…
Absentmindedness is…
Blocking is….

Answer 17

Transience; Accessibility of memory decreases over time.
Absentmindedness; Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
Blocking; Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked

Question 18

Distortion type
Distortion Misattribution is…
Distortion Bias is…

Answer 18

Misattribution; Source of memory is confused
Bias; Memories distorted by current belief system

Question 19

Intrusion type: Persistence is…

Answer 19

Inability to forget undesirable memories

Question 20

BIAS
Stereotypical bias
Egocentric bias
Hindsight bias (knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

Answer 20

Stereotypical bias - involves racial and gender biasesbased on steryotypes
Egocentric bias – the tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own perspective and/or have a higher opinion of oneself than reality.
Hindsight bias – the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the
fact.

Question 21

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HINT 5 in total
SA.E.LB.S.P

Answer 21

1. self actualization
2. esteem
3. love/belonging
4. safety
5. physiological

Question 22

The Limbic System roles
Hypothalamus;
Thalamus (regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness.)
Amygdala (emotion info)
Hippocampus (memory)

Answer 22

Hypothalamus – main role is to keep the body in homeostasis as much as possible
Thalamus – to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness.
Amygdala – plays a role in
processing emotional information and
sending it on to cortical structures.
Hippocampus – Its largest job is to hold short-term memories and transfer them to long-term storage in our brains.

Question 23

Intrapersonal topics
HINT These skills, which relate to emotional intelligence, include things like: self-confidence. resilience.

Answer 23

skills are the internal abilities and behaviors that help you manage emotions, cope with challenges, and learn new information.

Question 24

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 24

tendency to overemphasize internal factors as
explanations/attributions for the behavior of other people and underestimate the power of the situation

Question 25

Actor-observer bias HINT everyone is responsible for their own beahvior except for me) Self-serving bias –

Answer 25

Actor-observer bias; phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces. Self-serving bias – the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. describes when we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions but blame negative results on external factors unrelated to our character

Question 26

The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) Social norms required guards to be authoritarian and prisoners to be submissive. * Scripts influenced the way guards degraded the prisoners

Answer 26

A mock prison was constructed and participants (male college students), were randomly assigned to play the role of prisoners or guards. In a very short amount of time, the guards started to harass the prisoner in an increasingly sadistic manner. * Prisoners began to show signs of severe anxiety and hopelessness The two week study had to be ended after six days

Question 27

ATTITUDE 3 components Affective component ( For example, 'I feel scared when I think about or see a snake.) Behavioral component(For example, 'I think snakes are gross and dangerous so I'll scream if i see one.) Cognitive component (For example, “My boss is a mean person”)

Answer 27

1. Affective component – how you feel about something or someone 2. Behavioral component – the effect of the attitude on behavior. 3. Cognitive component – belief and knowledge.

Question 28

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 28

the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs.

Question 29

Explicit/Implicit

Answer 29

Explicit – conscious and controllable. Implicit – Unconscious and uncontrollable

Question 30

Matching Hypothesis is a theory of... HINT dating

Answer 30

people tend to pick someone they view as their equal in physical attractiveness and social desirability.

Question 31

Social exchange theory

Answer 31

Acting like naïve economists, people may keep track of the costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship.

Question 32

Words/sentences Lexicon (mental dictionary); Phoneme: Semantics (how?): Grammer: Morphemes (small): Syntax (structure);

Answer 32

Lexicon: words of a given language. Phoneme: sound unit (AH, EH Semantics: meaning we derive from words and morphemes Grammer: set of rules that convey meaning through use of lexicons Morphemes: smallest units of language that convey meaning Syntax: the words are organized into sentences

Question 33

Problem-Solving Strategies Trial and error; Algorithm (steps); Heuristic (mental shortcuts);

Answer 33

1. Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved 2. Step-by-step problem-solving formula 3. simple strategies that humans, animals, organizations, and even machines use to quickly form judgments, make decisions, and find solutions

Question 34

Anchoring bias- Confirmation bias – Hindsight bias – Representative bias – Availability heuristic –

Answer 34

1. tendency to focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem 2. tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs. 3. leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it wasn't 4. tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something. 5. tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

Question 35

A single-blind study is when...

Answer 35

Participants do not know if they are in the experimental or control group

Question 36

A negative correlation means (one variable decreases as the other increases)

Answer 36

a relationship between two variables that move in opposite directions

Question 37

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Answer 37

Confounding

Question 38

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Answer 38

Humanism

Question 39

Wundt emphasized structuralism. He focused on understanding the structure and characteristics of the mind through _______.

Answer 39

introspection

Question 40

Range of reaction -

Answer 40

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.

Question 41

Genetic environmental correlation - For example, students with greater intellectual abilities may select classes that are more challenging, which further increases their knowledge. For example, individuals who are characteristically extroverted may seek out very different social environments than those who are shy and withdrawn.

Answer 41

view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes.

Question 42

Epigenetics -

Answer 42

the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.

Question 43

Acetylcholine –

Answer 43

muscle action and memory

Question 44

Beta-endorphin –

Answer 44

pain and pleasure

Question 45

Norepinephrine –

Answer 45

Heart, intestines, and alertness

Question 46

Serotonin –

Answer 46

mood and sleep

Question 47

Amygdala - HINT truama/ helps decision-making

Answer 47

involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. Involved in processing fear

Question 48

Hippocampus -

Answer 48

learning and memory

Question 49

Hypothalamus –

Answer 49

regulates homeostatic processes including body temperature, appetite and blood pressure.

Question 50

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland (hormones) Thyroid (making of hormones) adrenal gland (stress related) gonad (sex) pancreas (blood sugar)

Answer 50

Pituitary gland – makes, stores and releases hormones. Thyroid – makes two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). Adrenal gland - secretes hormones involved in the stress response. Gonad - secretes sex hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and regulate sexual motivation and behavior. Pancreas - secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar.

Question 51

Sleep Debt: HINT is the difference between how much sleep you need and how much you actually get.

Answer 51

is result of insufficient sleep on chronic basis

Question 52

Sleep rebound:

Answer 52

when a deprived individual takes shorter time to fall asleep when opportunity arises.

Question 53

Carl Jung Believed that...

Answer 53

dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious there to be four functions that control the way people view and act in the world. These functions are thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition.

Question 54

Assimilation –

Answer 54

the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.

Question 55

Accommodation –

Answer 55

Change schemata based on new info

Question 56

PARENTING STYLES Authoritative style – Authoritarian style – Permissive style – Uninvolved style –

Answer 56

1. Authoritative style – parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view 2. Authoritarian style – parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child 3. Permissive style – parents make few demands and rarely use punishment 4. Uninvolved style – parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands.

Question 57

Socioemotional selectivity theory –

Answer 57

as we get older, our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier year

Question 58

Bottom up processing:

Answer 58

system in which perception is built from sensory input.

Question 59

Top down processing;

Answer 59

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.

Question 60

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

Answer 60

homeostasis

Question 61

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

Answer 61

REM

Question 62

Night terrors are most common in ________ sleep.

Answer 62

3rd and 4th stage of non-rem sleep