Psych

Question 1

Piagets theory

Answer 1

development is a constructive process which means knowledge is constructed from experience

Question 2

Stages of Piagets theory

Answer 2

1. Sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stage

Question 3

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 3

• birth to 2
• infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it
• construction of schemas

Question 4

schemas

Answer 4

theories about the way the world works

Question 5

assimilation

Answer 5

the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
- add new information into existing schemas

Question 6

accommodation

Answer 6

process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information
- infants revise their schemas

Question 7

object permanence

Answer 7

the fact that objects exist even when they are not visible
- develops around 8 months of age

Question 8

preoperational stage

Answer 8

2 to 6
- children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world
- lack of conservation

Question 9

conservation

Answer 9

understanding that quantitative properties of an object are invariant, despite changes in the object’s appearance

Question 10

concrete operational stage

Answer 10

6 to 11
children learn how various actions (i.e., “operations”) can transform the concrete objects of the physical world
-understand concept of conservation

Question 11

formal operational stage

Answer 11

starts around age 11
- reason about abstract concepts
- ability to generate, consider, reason about, or mentally “operate” on abstract concepts

Question 12

lev vygotsky

Answer 12

zone of proximal development
influence of social interactions -> cognitive development
- parents and other adults provide scaffolding for children

Question 13

moral reasoning

Answer 13

children’s thinking about right and wrong

• changes as children develop

Question 14

Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning development

Answer 14

1. realism to relativism
2. prescriptions to principles
3. outcomes to intentions

Question 15

shift from realism to relativism

Answer 15

younger children = moral rules are absolute, inviolable truths
older children = some moral rules are human inventions, can be changed

Question 16

shift from prescriptions to principles

Answer 16

younger children = moral rules are guidelines for specific actions in specific situations (rigid rule following)
older children = moral rules are expressions of general principles
-specific rules can be modified or abandoned if fail to uphold the principle

Question 17

shift from outcomes to intentions

Answer 17

younger children = judge unintentional action that causes more harm as “more wrong” than an intentional action that causes slight harm
- judge morality of action on outcome ONLY
older children = understand intention of actions, judge morality more based on intention

Question 18

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 18

• influenced by Piaget
• asked children and adults how they would resolve various moral dilemmas
• developed a more detailed theory of moral development

Question 19

Level 1: pre-conventional stage

Answer 19

morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
- ages 4 - 11

Question 20

level 2: conventional stage

Answer 20

morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
- ages 11 - adulthood

Question 21

level 3: post-conventional stage

Answer 21

morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
- only some adults reach this

Question 22

issues with Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 22

• men only
• approx. only teenagers
• not “reaching a stage” but rather “acquiring a skill”