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psych Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour and the mental process

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2
Q

science

A

using systematic methods to observe human and animal behaviour and draw conclusions

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3
Q

behaviour

A

everything that we do that can be directly observed

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4
Q

mental process

A

The thoughts, feelings, and motives humans experience privately but cannot be observed directly

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5
Q

9 levels of analysis

A

Macro
Meso
molar
molecular
micro
sociology
social psychology
psychology
neuropsychology

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6
Q

10 things that make psychology challenging

A

Behaviour is hard to predict

Behaviour is multiply determined

psychological influences are rarely independent of one another

phsycological influences are unknown

people affect eachother

many psychological concepts are difficult to define

the brain didn’t evolve to understand itself

ppl in psych experiments usually know their being studied

people are different from eachother

culture influences behaviour

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7
Q

the search for what is real

A

ontology

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8
Q

materialism (Marx)

A

only material things exist

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9
Q

idealism (hegel)

A

some of reality exists separately from the sensible world

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10
Q

epistemology

A

the study of knowledge and how individuals gain knowledge

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11
Q

belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (bottom-up theorizing)

A

empiricism

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12
Q

Belief that at least some knowledge can be known independent of the senses top-down theorizing.

A

rationalism

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13
Q

Sees theories as soft mental images involving values and beliefs while facts are hard, settled and observable

A

realist view

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14
Q

functionalism

A

aimed to understand the
adaptive purposes of psychological
characteristics (thoughts, feelings,
behaviours)Using
evolutionary theory in
modern psychology

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15
Q

psychoanalysis / psychodynamic theory

A

Focuses on internal psychological processes
(impulses, thoughts, memories) of which we’re
unaware

freud

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16
Q

behaviourism

A

focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside the organism to rewards, punishment and behaviour delivered by or present in the environment

founded by John b Watson and bf skinner

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17
Q

cognitivism

A

proposes that our thinking (cognition) effects our behaviour in powerful ways

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18
Q

approach of using many different methods in concert (surveys, lab experiments, real world observation)

A

critical multiplism

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19
Q

Types of psychologists - assessment, diagnosis, causes and
treatment of mental disorders

A

clinical

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20
Q

Types of psychologists - work with normal people
experiencing temporary or self-contained
(situational) problems (e.g., marital or occupational
difficulties)

A

counselors

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21
Q

Types of psychologists - assess schoolchildren’s
psychological problems and develop
intervention programs

A

school

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22
Q

Types of psychologists - study why and how people change overtime

A

developmental

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23
Q

naive realism

A

The belief that we see the world precisely as it is –
seeing is believing

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24
Q

willingness to
share our findings with others

A

communalism

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25
attempt to be objective when evaluating evidence
disinterestedness
26
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and neglect or distort contradicting evidence
27
belief perseverance
tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
28
scientific theory
not just an educated guess Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
29
hypothesis
testable prediction – your research question derived from a theory
30
pseudoscience
set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t - lacks safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance
31
metaphysical claims
unfalsifiable (e.g., God, the soul, or the afterlife: not necessarily wrong, but untestable; Karl Popper)
32
tendency to perceive meaningful images (but not just faces in meaningless visual stimuli
peradoila
33
tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena (coincidence)
apophenia
34
common logical fallacies: error of using our emotions to evaluate the validity of the claim – affect heuristic
emotional reasoning fallacy
35
common logical fallacies: assuming a claim is correct because many people believe it
bandwagon fallacy
36
common logical fallacies: framing a question as though we can answer it one of two extreme ways
either or fallacy
37
common logical fallacies: believing we’re immune from thinking errors that afflict others
not me fallacy
38
Blind to our own perspective, but not to others’ (like accents, other cultures, etc.)
bias blind spots
39
dangers of pseudoscience
opportunity costs animal deaths direct harm slippery slope
40
pathological skepticism
tendency to dismiss any claims that contradict one’s beliefs
41
tendency to seek out evidence inconsistent with a hypothesis we don’t believe, and neglect information consistent with it
disconfirmation bias
42
premise that we should keep our minds open, but not so open that we believe virtually everything
bergs dictum
43
critical thinking
set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open- minded and careful fashion
44
Methods: Common Features
* All are empirical. * All are systematic. * All are theoretical. * All are public. * All are self-reflective. * All are open-ended
45
hindsight bias
tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes
46
overconfidence
tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions * These errors can lead to confidence in false conclusions
47
Scientific method comprises five steps:
1. Observing a phenomenon 2. Formulating hypotheses and predictions 3. Testing through empirical research 4. Drawing conclusions 5. Evaluating the theory
48
watching behaviour in real-world settings
naturalistic observation
49
high degree of external validity
extent to which we can generalize our findings to the real world
50
low degree of internal validity
extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences
51
key to generalizability; ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
random selection
52
halo effect
endency of ratings of one positive characteristic to spill over to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics avoids cons of self reports
53
leniency effect
tendency of raters to provide ratings that are overly generous avoids cons of self reports
54
what makes a study an experiment ?
random selection experimental group control group selection factor independent and dependent variable cofounds cause and effect
55
cofounds
any difference between the experimental and control groups, other than the independent variable; makes independent variable effects uninterpretable
56
cause and effect
possible to infer, with random assignment and manipulation of independent variable
57
placebo effect
improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement *Subjects must be blind - unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control group * Placebos show many of the same characteristics as real drugs pitfall of expiremental design
58
nocebo effect
harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm (e.g., voodoo doll phenomenon) pitfall of expiremntal design
59
phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias a study outcome
experimenter expectancy effect pitfall of expiremental design
60
double blind design
neither researchers nor subjects know who is in the experimental or control group pitfall of experimental design
61
hawthorne effect
phenomenon in which participants’ knowledge that they’re being studied can affect their behaviour pitfall of e.d
62
demand characteristics
cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses pitfall of e d
63
modern ethical guidelines
institutional Review Board (IRB): examine proposals in light of ethical guidelines informed consent justification of deception
64
consiousness
our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives -awareness of thoughts, feelings, etc..
65
Occurs in a global brain workspace * Is thoughts about one’s experiences (you see a beautiful flower
awareness
66
State determined by the reticular activating system * The physiological state of being engaged with the environment
arousal
67
qualia
The way it feels to experience mental states such as feeling pain
68
is as a natural state of rest for the body and mind * Involves the reversible loss of consciousness * Comprises a third of our life
sleep
69
biological rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations in the body
70
Cardigan rhythms
cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hr basis in many biological processes (e.g., hormone release, body temperature
71
biological clock
the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) of the hypothalamus, triggers our sense of fatigue
72
why do we needs sleep?
Adaptive Evolutionary Function * Safety * Energy conservation/ efficiency * Restorative Function * Body rejuvenation & growth * Brain Plasticity * Enhances synaptic connections * Memory consolidation * Chronic sleep deprivation * Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
73
Chronic sleep deprivation results in..
Decreased activity in thalamus and prefrontal cortex * Inability to sustain attention * Poor decision making and problem solving
74
sleep N1 STAGE
5-10 minutes, theta waves, light sleep, may contain hypnagogic imagery, hypnic myoclonia
75
SLEEP N2 STAGE
20-30 minutes, theta waves, sleep spindles, K-complexes
76
SLEEP N3 STAGE
10-30 minutes, delta waves, deeper sleep, crucial for rest, suppressed by alcohol
77
SLEEP REM
(paradoxical sleep) – stage R, 10-20+ minutes, eye movements, vivid dreaming
78
REM DREAMS
– More dreams occur during REM than non-REM – Emotional, illogical – Prone to plot shifts – Biologically crucial
79
non rem dreams
Shorter dreams – More thought-like – Repetitive – Concerned with daily tasks
80
Experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming * Sleep and wake may not be as distinct as once thought * Some report being able to control dreams * May help with nightmares, but not other problems 15
lucid dream
81
difficulty falling and staying asleep – Higher rates in those with depression, pain, medical conditions – Restless leg syndrome - urge to move one’s legs or other body parts while attempting to sleep – Sleeping pills and rebound insomnia
insomnia
82
apid and unexpected onset of sleep – Cataplexy – Lack of orexin production
narcolepsy
83
blockage of airway during sleep – Fatigue next day
sleep apnea
84
during Stages 3 and 4, sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep – Most common in children
night terrors
85
(15-30% of children and 3-5% of adults) usually occurs during deepest (N1-N2) non-REM sleep (not dreaming) – May include complex behaviours (e.g., climbing out windows, driving) – Most common in children
sleepwalking
86
Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory
Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory - dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment and require interpretation
87
realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
hallucinations
88
sociocognitive theory
approach to explaining hypnosis based on people’s beliefs and social expectations
89
Sense of consciousness leaving one’s body – No scientific evidence to support – May be related to ability to fantasize and to become extraordinarily absorbed in experiences
out of body experience
90
disassociation model
approach to explaining hypnosis based on separation of the parts of the personality responsible for planning from the part that controls memories
91
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, memory problems resulting from alcohol withdrawal, may be fatal without proper medical care
delirium tremens
92

Enviormental Science (3 decks)

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