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psych 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Willhelm Wundt

A

Founder of experimental psychology

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2
Q

William James

A

Published the principles of psychology. His theory is called functionalism

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3
Q

Mary Whinton

A

Became president of APS

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4
Q

Margret Washburn

A

1st women to earn a PhD is psych

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5
Q

Stanley Hall

A

Study of child development. 1st president of APS

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6
Q

Max wetherimer

A

founded gestalt psych.

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7
Q

Gestalt psych

A

Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole, but also the parts that make up the whole

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

invented psychoanalytics

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9
Q

psychoanalytics

A

helps people improve there lives by gaining a better understanding about how they think and feel

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10
Q

John B watson

A

Founded behaviorism

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11
Q

behavioralism

A

is a theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning

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12
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Theory states that a person is exposed to a stimulus, which creates a response, and then reinforcment

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13
Q

Humanistic psych

A

emphisizes looking at the individual as a whole and strives to help people fulfil there potential

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14
Q

empiricism

A

the idea that all learning only comes from experiences and observations

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15
Q

Structuralism

A

attempts to understand human conciousness by examining its underlying components

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16
Q

introspection

A

the examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional practices

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17
Q

functionalism

A

describes the mind as a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our environments

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18
Q

cognitive psychology

A

study how the brain works - how we think, remember and learn

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19
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

a field of neuroscience that studies the biological processes that makeup human cognition

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20
Q

Nature- Nurture issue

A

particular aspects of behavior which are a product of either inherited or aquired influences.

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21
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

the study of how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time

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22
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors

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23
Q

culture psychology

A

the study of how cultures reflect and shape psychological processes

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24
Q

positive psychology

A

the study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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25
Q

biopsycholosocial approach

A

considers biological, psychological, and social and how they all work together to help us understand the brain

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26
Q

social cultural psychology

A

helps us understand the ways in which culture and society shape how people think, behave and relate to one another.

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27
Q

SQ3R

A

A study method incorporating five steps- survey, question, read, retrieve, review

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28
Q

double blind procedure

A

neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is recieving a particular treatment

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29
Q

single blind procedure

A

An experiement in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups durring the course of the experiment.

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30
Q

placebo method

A

a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no bennifit. Only done if testing something that is suppossed to cure something. Always double blind.

31
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues that might indicate the resarch objectives to participants. These cues can lead to participants to change there behaviors

32
Q

social desirability effect

A

occurs when respondants give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others

33
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching participants in their natural environment. the researcher can observe the subject in there natural environment but they can’t control any outside factors that may influence the outcome

34
Q

case study

A

an in depth examination of a rare phenomenon that occured within an individual, group, or situation. The resercher can examine in depth but they can’t generalize his or her findings to the entire population

35
Q

Surveys

A

questions or interview that are used to identify attitudes, beliefs, and opinions. The resercher can get information from a large group of subjects but subjects may lie due to social desirability and wording effects

36
Q

wording effects

A

can effect the way words are presented may alters someones opinion or take the information in in a way that was not intended

37
Q

correlation study

A

examining the relationship between two or more variables. The researcher can see whether or not these variables are related but the 3rd variable problem can effect this.

38
Q

3rd variable problem

A

occurs when an observed correlation between 2 variables can actually be explained by a 3rd variable that hasn’t been accounted for

39
Q

experiments (only cause and effect)

A

an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically studied

40
Q

IV

A

The factor that is being tested

41
Q

DV

A

The measurable outcome

42
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction about a relationship between 2 things

43
Q

random sampling

A

the act of selecting members from the population in way that every person in the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample. Minimizes samping error

44
Q

Sampling error

A

when the reasercher does not select a sample that represents the population of data as a whole

45
Q

opporational definitions

A

a description of something in terms of the operations by which it can be observed or measured

46
Q

random assignment

A

the act of putting members from the sample into the different experimental conditions ( like the test group and the control group)

47
Q

group matching

A

a technique used in experimental research where the participants are paired based on specific characteristics (variables) they “match on” and then divided into groups (conditions)

48
Q

situation relevant confounding variables

A

any factors exclusive of the IV that are related to the experimental setting or procedures that could impact the DV

49
Q

participant relevant confounding variables

A

any factors related to the participants in an experiment that could impact their DV reaction to the IV

50
Q

illusory correlation

A

Where people only want to see what they want to see

51
Q

confounding (lurking) variables

A

an extraneous factor that interferes with the relationship between an experiments independent and dependent variables ( like 3rd variable problem)

52
Q

debrief

A

Debriefing provides participants with a full explanation of the hypothesis being tested. Manantory when the research involves deception.

53
Q

informed consent

A

is where researchers working with human participants describe there research project and obtain the subjects consent before starting

54
Q

protect

A

an ethical principle that ensures to protect persons from harm

55
Q

confidential

A

ensures that the research will not be shared with anyone else

56
Q

mean, median, and mode

A

add the values and divide by how many, list in order and find middle, occurs most often

57
Q

standard deviation and z scores

A

how much is in between each bottom section, z score is each standard deviation (-2, 3)

58
Q

p value

A

0.05. If more then 5 percent it should be retested or the hypothesis is false

58
Q

cross sequential

A

research that involves different groups of people who do not share the same variable or intrest. comparing apples to bananas

58
Q

inferential statistics

A

mathamatical procedures that allow psychologists to make inferences about collected data

59
Q

longitudinal design

A

researcher repeaditly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a long period of time

60
Q

psychodynamic

A

the study of the mental and emotional processes that influence behavior

61
Q

sociobiological

A

the study of the biological basis of social behavior in organisms

62
Q

ethnographic

A

a quallitative method for collecting data

63
Q

clinical case study

A

an intensive study about a person, a group of people, or a unit

64
Q

clinical view

A

adresses behavioral and mental health issues faced by individuals across their lifespan

65
Q

cohort sequential study

A

when two or more age groups are tested over an extended period of time

66
Q

ex post facto design

A

participants are not randomly assigned, but rather grouped together based upon specific characteristics or traits they share

67
Q

self actualization

A

a concept by which an individual reaches his or her potential.

68
Q

cultural tendencies

A

tendencies the culture has learned, shared, symbolic, and dynamic

69
Q

hindsight bias

A

a phenomenon in which one becomes convinced they accuratly predicted an event before it occured.

70
Q

false consensus effect

A

the tendancy to overestamate how much other people agree with you

71
Q

Jean Piaget

A

provided support for the idea that children think differently then adults

ap psych (2 decks)

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