Psych 205 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
How is the science of human development defined?
A
The science of human development studies how and why people change over time.
2
Q
What are the five characteristics of growth?
A
- Multidirectional
- Multicultural
- Multidisciplinary
- Plasticity
- Contextual
3
Q
What are the five steps of the scientific method?
A
- Question
- Research
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Conclusion
4
Q
What is replication in the scientific process?
A
Replication is the process of repeating a study to verify results, ensuring reliability.
5
Q
What is a meta-analysis?
A
A meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines results from multiple studies.
6
Q
What are advantages of a meta-analysis?
A
- Increased statistical power
- Greater generalizability
- Identification of patterns across studies
7
Q
How are the terms ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ defined?
A
‘Nature’ refers to genetics and biology, while ‘nurture’ refers to environmental influences.
8
Q
What is the basic question of the ‘nature-nurture controversy’?
A
The basic question is how much of development is influenced by genetics versus environment.
9
Q
What do dandelions, orchids, and tulips illustrate?
A
They illustrate the concept of differential susceptibility, showing varying responses to environments.
10
Q
What does the acronym ACES stand for?
A
ACES stands for Adverse Childhood Experiences.
11
Q
What are the different developmental stages according to Table 1.1?
A
- Infancy
- Early Childhood
- Middle Childhood
- Adolescence
- Adulthood
12
Q
What is the life-span perspective?
A
The life-span perspective views development as lifelong, multidimensional, and influenced by multiple contexts.
13
Q
What do continuity and discontinuity in development mean?
A
- Continuity refers to gradual, cumulative changes
- Discontinuity refers to distinct stages or abrupt changes
14
Q
What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?
A
- Critical period: A specific time when an event has a significant impact
- Sensitive period: A time when a person is particularly receptive to certain experiences
15
Q
What does it mean when we say that development is multicontextual?
A
Development is influenced by various contexts like family, culture, and socioeconomic status.
16
Q
What are Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems?
A
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
- Bioecological system
17
Q
What is a cohort?
A
A cohort is a group of individuals who share a common characteristic, typically age.
18
Q
What is the difference between an ethnic group and a race?
A
An ethnic group shares cultural traits, while race is often defined by physical characteristics.
19
Q
What is the difference-equals-deficit error?
A
The assumption that differences indicate a deficiency.
20
Q
What is intersectionality?
A
Intersectionality considers how various social identities intersect and affect experiences.
21
Q
What are the three domains of our multidisciplinary approach to lifespan development?
A
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Socioemotional
22
Q
Why does plasticity provide both hope and realism?
A
Plasticity suggests that development can change, offering opportunities for growth and adaptation.
23
Q
Define cross-sectional research design.
A
A research design that compares different groups at one point in time.
24
Q
Define longitudinal research design.
A
A research design that follows the same group over an extended period.
25
Define cross-sequential research design.
A research design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.
26
What is a developmental theory?
A set of ideas that explains how and why people develop over time.
27
What are the three functions of a theory?
* Organizing knowledge
* Guiding research
* Providing a basis for practical applications
28
What is psychodynamic theory?
A theory that focuses on the influence of unconscious processes and childhood experiences.
29
How does Freud’s psychoanalytic theory differ from Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
* Freud: Focuses on psychosexual development
* Erikson: Focuses on psychosocial development across the lifespan
30
Define behaviorism.
A theory that emphasizes the role of environmental influences on behavior.
31
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association, as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments.
32
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement and punishment, as studied by B.F. Skinner.
33
Define cognitive theory.
A theory that emphasizes mental processes in understanding human development.
34
What are Piaget’s developmental periods?
* Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
* Preoperational (2-7 years)
* Concrete operational (7-11 years)
* Formal operational (12+ years)
35
What is cognitive equilibrium?
A state of mental stability achieved when a person's understanding of the world matches their experiences.
36
Define genotype.
The genetic makeup of an individual.
37
Define phenotype.
The observable characteristics of an individual, influenced by genotype and environment.
38
What does it mean that almost all human traits are polygenic and multifactorial?
Traits are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
39
Define epigenetics.
The study of how environmental factors influence gene expression.
40
What is methylation?
A process that modifies gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
41
What does it mean when a gene is dominant?
A dominant gene expresses its trait even if only one copy is present.
42
What does it mean when a gene is recessive?
A recessive gene expresses its trait only when two copies are present.
43
Define heritability.
A measure of how much variation in a trait can be attributed to genetics.
44
What condition occurs with an extra chromosome at the 21st site?
Down syndrome.
45
Define germinal period.
The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception.
46
Define embryonic period.
The period from the second to the eighth week of prenatal development, where major organs develop.
47
What is the age of viability?
The point at which a fetus can survive outside the womb, typically around 24 weeks.
48
What is the APGAR scale?
A quick assessment of a newborn's health, scoring on five criteria: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
49
What is a cesarean section?
A surgical procedure to deliver a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus.
50
What is a teratogen?
An agent that can cause malformation or harm to a developing fetus.
51
What is low birth weight (LBW)?
A birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds.
52
Define reflex.
An automatic response to a stimulus.
53
What are the three sets of reflexes that aid a newborn's survival?
* Breathing reflex
* Rooting reflex
* Grasping reflex
54
What is postpartum depression?
A mood disorder that can affect women after childbirth, characterized by sadness and fatigue.
55
What is kangaroo care?
Skin-to-skin contact between a parent and a newborn, promoting bonding and health.
56
What is the parent-infant bond?
A deep emotional connection that develops over time between a parent and their child.
57
What is a percentile?
A percentile is a measure used to indicate the value below which a given percentage of observations fall.
## Footnote
For example, a child in the 50th percentile for height is taller than 50% of children their age.
58
Where should babies sleep during the first 6 months?
Babies should sleep on their backs in a crib or bassinet without soft bedding.
## Footnote
This recommendation is supported by guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
59
How many hours per day do newborns sleep on average, and how much of their sleep time in the early weeks is spent in REM sleep?
Newborns sleep an average of 16-18 hours per day, with about 50% of that time in REM sleep.
60
What is the difference between experience-expectant and experience-dependent growth?
Experience-expectant growth occurs when the brain is prewired for certain experiences, while experience-dependent growth is based on individual experiences.
## Footnote
An example of experience-expectant growth is the ability to learn language, while an example of experience-dependent growth is learning to play a musical instrument.
61
Can babies decide to stop crying?
Yes, babies can learn to stop crying when they receive appropriate responses from caregivers.
62
What is shaken baby syndrome?
Shaken baby syndrome is a serious brain injury resulting from shaking an infant.
## Footnote
It can cause brain swelling and bleeding, leading to long-term damage or death.
63
Fill in the blank: Birthweight ________ by 4 months and ________ by one year.
Birthweight doubles by 4 months and triples by one year.
64
Which newborn sense is the weakest and which is the most mature?
The weakest sense is vision, while the most mature sense is hearing.
65
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation refers to the process of receiving stimuli, while perception is the interpretation of those stimuli.
66
True or False: The medical community once asserted that infants don’t feel pain like adults.
True.
67
What is binocular vision, and when does it usually develop?
Binocular vision is the ability to use both eyes together to see depth and distance, usually developing around 3 to 4 months.
68
How can breastfeeding affect infant pain?
Breastfeeding can reduce infant pain by providing comfort and soothing effects.
69
What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills?
Gross motor skills involve large muscle movements, while fine motor skills involve smaller, more precise movements.
70
When have 90% of all babies mastered sitting unsupported, walking well, and using a thumb and finger grasp?
By 12 months for sitting unsupported, by 14 months for walking well, and by 12 months for using a thumb and finger grasp.
71
Why is it important to assess children’s development relative to LOCAL norms?
It is important because developmental milestones can vary based on cultural and environmental factors.
72
Define immunization.
Immunization is the process of making a person immune to an infection by administering a vaccine.
73
Define herd immunity.
Herd immunity occurs when a large percentage of a population becomes immune to a disease, making its spread unlikely.
74
Why do we say 'breast is best' when it comes to infant nutrition?
Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and strengthens the infant's immune system.
75
What is protein-calorie malnutrition?
Protein-calorie malnutrition is a form of undernutrition due to insufficient protein and calorie intake.
## Footnote
Consequences include stunted growth and developmental delays.
76
What does the acronym SIDS stand for?
SIDS stands for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
77
What is the most proven risk factor for SIDS?
The most proven risk factor for SIDS is placing infants to sleep on their stomachs.
78
What sounds do babies pay particular attention to?
Babies pay particular attention to human voices and rhythmic sounds.
79
Why are babies called universalists?
Babies are called universalists because they can initially perceive all phonetic sounds of any language before tuning into their native language.
80
What does entrainment mean in the context of infant language development?
Entrainment refers to the synchronization of the infant's attention and responses to the rhythms and patterns of language.
81
What is gaze following, and why do infants focus on it?
Gaze following is when infants look where others are looking, helping them understand social cues and contexts.
82
Fill in the blank: Babies are quicker to recognize a face they have seen just once than are __________ and adults.
older children.
83
Explain the concepts of early logic and core knowledge.
Early logic refers to infants' ability to reason about their environment, while core knowledge suggests that infants are born with innate knowledge systems.
84
What did Leonard et al. (2017) discover about the effects of watching adults be persistent on babies?
Babies learn persistence and problem-solving by observing adults.
85
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memories?
Implicit memories are unconscious and influence behavior, while explicit memories are conscious and involve recollection.
86
Define Piaget’s sensorimotor intelligence.
Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence is the first stage of cognitive development where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
87
What is object permanence and when does it develop?
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, developing around 8-12 months.
88
Define babbling.
Babbling is the repetitive consonant-vowel combinations that infants produce, typically starting around 6 months.
89
Define holophrase.
A holophrase is a single word used by an infant to express a complete thought, such as 'milk' to mean 'I want milk.'
90
What is the naming explosion?
The naming explosion is a rapid increase in vocabulary that typically occurs around 18 months.
91
Briefly describe the three theories of language learning.
The three theories are:
* Nativist theory - language ability is innate.
* Learning theory - language is learned through reinforcement.
* Interactionist theory - language development is influenced by social interaction.
92
What do neuroscientists now say about the genes and brain regions that contribute to linguistic fluency?
Neuroscientists suggest that linguistic fluency is influenced by multiple genes and brain regions beyond just Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.
93
What is separation anxiety?
Separation anxiety is the distress experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver.
94
Define self-awareness.
Self-awareness is the recognition of oneself as a distinct individual, typically emerging between 15 and 24 months.
95
How does the 'rouge test' help determine self-awareness?
The rouge test involves marking a baby’s face and observing if they touch the mark on their own face, indicating self-recognition.
96
Fill in the blank: Virtually no baby under __________ passes the rouge test, but half of the 18 month-olds and virtually every __________ in the U.S. and Canada does.
15 months; 24-month-old.
97
What is temperament?
Temperament refers to the innate characteristics that influence how individuals respond to the world.
98
What is attachment?
Attachment is the emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver, measured through the strange situation test.
99
Know the differences between Types A, B, C, and D attachment.
Type A: Insecure-avoidant; Type B: Secure; Type C: Insecure-resistant; Type D: Disorganized.
100
Summarize the predictors of secure and insecure attachment.
Secure attachment is predicted by consistent caregiving, while insecure attachment is often linked to inconsistency or neglect.
101
Define social referencing.
Social referencing is the process by which infants look to caregivers for cues on how to respond to new situations.
102
What are the first two 'crises' of development according to Erickson?
The first two crises are trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
103
How do behaviorists believe children’s emotions and personalities are molded?
Behaviorists believe emotions and personalities are shaped through reinforcement and conditioning.
104
What is a working model in cognitive developmental theory?
A working model is a mental framework that children develop based on their interactions with caregivers, influencing future relationships.
105
Define allocare.
Allocare refers to the care of children by individuals other than their biological parents.
106
What are the four principles that most developmental scientists currently agree on regarding the care babies receive?
The four principles are:
* Consistency of care
* Responsive caregiving
* Safe environment
* Emotional support.
