psych 295 exam 1

Question 1

theory data cycle

Answer 1

theory, research questions, research design, hypothesis, data

Question 2

what does theory data cycle allow us to claim

Answer 2

can’t say that you proved a theory, only support it. You can disprove a theory

Question 3

Difference between theory and hypothesis

Answer 3

theory is broader framework of ideas, logic, evidence that helps come up with research designs, hypothesis is given specific research design

Question 4

3 types of measurement or data

Answer 4

self-report, physiological, behavioral observation

Question 5

deception by comission

Answer 5

when u actively tell participant a cover story about the study

Question 6

deception by omission

Answer 6

leaving something out and not telling participant

Question 7

variable

Answer 7

2 or more levels

Question 8

constant

Answer 8

1 level

Question 9

type I error

Answer 9

finds an effect in the sample and there is not one aka false alarm

Question 10

type II error

Answer 10

says there is no effect in the sample but there is one in the population

Question 11

p value

Answer 11

tells u the probability of type 1 error

Question 12

3 reliabilities

Answer 12

test-retest, internal, interrater

Question 13

reliability

Answer 13

consistency

Question 14

validity

Answer 14

measuring what you think your measuring

Question 15

types and functions of scientific publications

Answer 15

peer-reviewed journals, empirical article, review articles, meta-analysis

Question 16

independent variable

Answer 16

manipulated variable

Question 17

dependent variable

Answer 17

measured variable

Question 18

types of correlation

Answer 18

positive, negative, none, curvilinear

Question 19

3 causal criteria

Answer 19

temporal precedence, internal validity, covariance

Question 20

basic research

Answer 20

basic processes of behavior, designed to advance theory, cares about “why”

Question 21

applied research

Answer 21

immediate practical implications, designed to answer practical problem, cares about “so what”

Question 22

translational research

Answer 22

studies where scientists intentionally use the results of basic research to develop and test applications

Question 23

epistemology

Answer 23

the way we know things

Question 24

2 ways to know things

Answer 24

logic and empiricism

Question 25

syllogism

Answer 25

premise 1, premise 2, conclusion

Question 26

modus tollens

Answer 26

If P then Q Not Q Therefore not P

Question 27

modus ponens

Answer 27

if P then Q P Therefore Q

Question 28

a good theory

Answer 28

1. empirically supported by date 2. logically falsifiable 3. simpler is better than complex

Question 29

3 claims

Answer 29

1. frequency 2. association 3. causal

Question 30

4 validities

Answer 30

1. construct 2. internal 3. external 4. statistical

Question 31

conceptional definition

Answer 31

concept of interest defined according to theoretical and logical considerations. process of turning COI into manipulated/measured variable

Question 32

operational definition

Answer 32

a statement of procedures used to define variables

Question 33

operational variable

Answer 33

measured. self report, physiological, behavioral observations

Question 34

frequency claims

Answer 34

focus on 1 variable, variable is measured not manipulated

Question 35

association claim

Answer 35

2 variables, measured not manipulated, argues 1 variable is associated with another

Question 36

casual claims

Answer 36

at least 2 variables, manipulated variable

Question 37

criteria for causal claims

Answer 37

1. correlation 2. temporal precedence 3. internal validity

Question 38

temporal precedence

Answer 38

the principle that the cause must be shown to have occurred before the effect.

Question 39

construct validity

Answer 39

how well variables in the study are measured or manipulated

Question 40

external validity

Answer 40

degree to which the results generalize to some larger populations and situations

Question 41

statistical validity

Answer 41

sample vs population, how well the study minimizes the probability of 2 types pf errors, adreses strength of result

Question 42

internal validity

Answer 42

extent to which significant relationship between 2 variables is causal and not spurious

Question 43

the belmont report

Answer 43

respect for persons, beneficence, justice

Question 44

respect for persons

Answer 44

informed consent, protect the vulnerable

Question 45

beneficence

Answer 45

cost-benefit analysis for participants

Question 46

justice

Answer 46

how are participants selected, do they represent people who will benefit from the study

Question 47

ethical standards

Answer 47

- irb -informed consent -deception -debriefing -animal research -research misconduct

Question 48

data fabrication

Answer 48

completely making up data for a study

Question 49

data falsification

Answer 49

tweaking or changing data in a study

Question 50

different scales of measurement

Answer 50

categorical or quantitative

Question 51

categorical scales

Answer 51

data categories are mutually exclusive, data categories have no logical order

Question 52

ordinal scale

Answer 52

unequal intervals, rank ordering of categories

Question 53

interval scale

Answer 53

equal unit scales, no beginning to scales

Question 54

ratio scale

Answer 54

equal intervals, what we normally think of a measurement, meaningful 0

Question 55

face validity

Answer 55

whether the test appears (at face value) to measure what it claims to

Question 56

content validity

Answer 56

the extent to which a test measures a representative sample of the subject matter or behavior under investigation.

Question 57

criterion validity

Answer 57

measures how well one measure predicts an outcome for another measure

Question 58

convergent validity

Answer 58

the extent to which responses on a test or instrument exhibit a strong relationship with responses on conceptually similar tests or instruments.

Question 59

discriminant validity

Answer 59

tests whether concepts or measurements that are not supposed to be related are actually unrelated

Question 60

3 R's of animal research

Answer 60

replace, reduce, refine

Question 61

scientific principles

Answer 61

observation/question, research, hypothesis, test, analyze data, report conclusions

Question 62

quantitative data

Answer 62

numerical data that can be statistically analyzed

Question 63

qualitative data

Answer 63

non-numerical data

Question 64

categorical data

Answer 64

any of several statistical procedures used to model variables that indicate counts or observations in specific categories

Question 65

present bias

Answer 65

focus on positive instances more than negative ones

Question 66

confirmation bias

Answer 66

cherry-picking the evidence; seek and accept evidence that supports our view, confirms our beliefs

Question 67

bias blind spot

Answer 67

the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are

Question 68

availability heuristic

Answer 68

aka pop-up principle, things that come easily to mind and guide our thinking