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Psych 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Personality

A

An Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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2
Q

What does Personality do?

A

Distinguishes us, Endures, Dynamic and adaptive, Psychophysical

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3
Q

Theory of personality arose from?

A

Patient interactions, Personal Experience, Discussions with colleagues

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

The mind is like an iceberg,
Conscious mind (small)
Preconscious mind (bigger but still small, not aware of)
Unconscious mind (Much bigger but not aware of)

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5
Q

What is Frued’s Iceberg?

A

contains ID, Superego, and Ego

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6
Q

What is ID (Frued)

A

Essentially your base animal instincts, Operates on the Pleasure principle (selfish)

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7
Q

What is Superego (Frued)

A

Your conception on what is right and wrong, Operates on the Morality Principle

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8
Q

What is Ego (Frued)

A

Tries to help manage between Superego and ID, Operates on the Reality Principle

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9
Q

What is the reality principle (Frued)

A

The ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting according to the pleasure principle.

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10
Q

Conflicts between ID and Superego lead to…

A

Defense Mechanisms,
Prompted by unpleasant unconscious thoughts and desires.

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11
Q

Name a few Defense Mechanisms

A

Repression, Displacement, Rationalization

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12
Q

Repression (Defense Mechanisms)

A

Suppressing unwanted desires/memories

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13
Q

Displacement (Defense Mechanisms)

A

Redirecting sexual/aggressive energy at “safer” targets

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14
Q

Rationalization (Defense Mechanisms)

A

Developing an alternative explanation or excuse for undesired behavior

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15
Q

Why do we still talk about Frued?

A

Highlighted the possibility of nonbiological causes for neuroses. Our unconscious mind really is important. Culturally, he drew attention to psychology.

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16
Q

What is Humanistic Theory

A

Meant to complement Psychoanalysis, Believed people are fundamentally good, Emphasized personal growth, Encouraged UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

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17
Q

What is the order of Hierarchy of Needs

A

(this goes from top to bottom)
5 self-actualization
4 Esteem needs
3 Belongingness and love needs
2 Safety needs
1 Physiological needs

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18
Q

What is self-actualization (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

5
Achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities

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19
Q

What is Esteem needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

4
Prestige and feeling of accomplishment

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20
Q

What is Belongingness and love needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

3
Intimate relationships, friends

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21
Q

What is Safety needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

2
Security, safety

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22
Q

What is Physiological needs (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

1 food, water, warmth, rest

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23
Q

What are the criticisms of Humanism?

A

Not scientific; largely philosophical,
Concepts are vague and subjective,

Are people fundamentally good?
this is not testable, humans have always lived with rules

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24
Q

Approach to measurement

A

Idiographic approach,
Nomothetic approach

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25
Idiographic approach to measurement
Attempt to understand the individual as an individual, case studies
26
Nomothetic approach to measurement
Attempt to understand how an individual compares to others, trait theory approach
27
Trait theory
Traits = stable characteristic patterns of behavior, Traits along a continuum, --- Some at the endpoints but most in the middle
28
The Big Five (Personality)
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Openness to new experiences
29
Conscientiousness (The Big Five)
High: Organize, careful, and self-disciplined Low: Disorganized, careless, impulsive
30
Extraversion v. Introversion (The Big Five)
Ext: Social, reward/excitement seeking Int: Withdrawn, seek peaceful contexts
31
Neuroticism v Emotionally stable (The Big Five)
Neurotic: Worried, insecure, failure avoidant Stable: Calm, secure, self-satisfied
32
Agreeableness (The Big Five)
High: Soft-hearted, trusting, compromising Low: Ruthless, suspicious, antagonistic
33
Openness to new experiences (The Big Five)
High: Imaginative, variety seeking, independent Low: Conventional, routine, conforming
34
Biological Basis of Personality
BIS/BAS Behavioral Inhibition System (Right PFC) Strongly associated with Neuroticism Behavioral Activation System (Left PFC) Strongly associated with extraversion
35
How similar are Monozygotic Twins?
100% genetic Similarity
36
How similar are Dizygotic Twins?
50% genetic Similarity
37
Criticisms of Trait Theory
The same person might behave differently across situations
38
Learning
Non-associative Associative Social
39
Associative (Learning)
Predictive (cause/effect) relationships
40
Classical/Pavlovian (Learning)
Predictive relationship b/n two stimuli CS: USC -> CR
41
Operant/Skinnerian (Learning)
Predictive relationship b/n behavior and consequences B:C -> thetaB
42
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS/US)
Not learned Stimulus
43
Unconditioned Response (UCR/UR)
Not learned Response
44
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Does not produce high levels of UCR
45
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Learned stimulus, produces a response
46
Conditioned Response (CR)
A result of learning
47
Rescorla Wagner model
Pairing vary in ease of association Contiguity (Distance/time) Contingency (Correlation) Stimulus value Novelty of stimulus
48
The law of effect
Thorndike (1898) "Responses that produce a satisfying state of affairs become more likely, and responses that produce a dissatisfying state of affairs become less likely"
49
The basic paradigm
Phase 1: wait... for target behavior Phase 2: the learner performs the target behavior (naturally) Phase 3: ????? Phase 4: go back to step 1
50
Reinforcer (Behavior)
Anything that strengthens behavior
51
Positive Reinforcement (Behavior)
Administering a stimulus that is pleasant Increase likelihood Administer
52
Negative Reinforcement (Behavior)
Remove stimulus, unpleasant (to remove something it has to be given first) Increase likelihood Remove
53
Punishment (Behavior)
Anything that weakens behavior
54
Positive Punishment
Administer stimulus Decrease likelihood Administer
55
Negative Punishment
Remove stimulus, take away something pleasant Kid is a biter, put in timeout (take away their freedom), less likely to bite. Decrease likelihood Remove
56
Shaping (Behavior)
Successive reinforcements of the desired behavior Break behavior down into steps Continue reinforcing slowly moving toward the "desired" behavior
57
Continuous (reinforcement)
Quicker learning, but quick extinction
58
Intermittent (reinforcement)
Slows learning, but reduces pace of extinction
59
Operant conditioning
A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior Good for Applied Behavior Analysis - ABA
60
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
scientific method for changing behavior through the use of learning principles. Used for: Autism Spectrum disorders Child training programs
61
What do you experience when you feel an emotion?
Heart rate, facial expression, sweating, crying
62
Physiological Arousal (emotion)
Sympathetic vs parasympathetic activation
63
Subjective evaluation (emotion)
Valence, Something like "I felt my heart drop"
64
Cognitive interpretation
Ascribing a label
65
James-Lange Theory
Significant life event -> Arousal -> Emotion
66
Cannon-Bard theory
Significant life event -> Thalamus -> Emotion/Arousal
67
Two-Factor Theory - Emotions are identified as the result of:
1) Physiological and subjective experience 2) Cognitive interpretation of those internal states ----- Significant life Event ----> Arousal -----> Cognitive Interpretation -----> Emotion
68
Emotions are...
innate, at least its in all cultures, even in the ones where they don't show emotions so much like china
69
What is Cross-cultural Consistency?
Experienced the same across cultures
70
What is Cross-Cultural Distinctiveness?
Experienced differently across cultures
71
Do emotions help Decision-making?
Affect-as-information
72
What is Upward Counterfactual?
Imagining a better possible outcome
73
What is Downward Counterfactual ?
Imaginig a worse possible outcome
74
What is Motivation?
Any factor that provides energy (initiating and persisting qualities) and/or direction to behavior
75
What are needs?
Primary factors that motivation is directed toward
76
Name the Physiological needs
Food, Air, Water, Sex drive, Waste Relief
77
Name the Psychological needs
Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness
78
What is Drive? (Needs -> drive -> behavior)
Psychological states that give ENERGY to behavior, Experienced when Deprived of needs Stuff like: Hunger, Loneliness, Anxious
79
what is the goal of DRT? (Drive Reduction Theory)
Homeostasis
80
What is Problem Focused Coping?
Acting on the source of the distress (the need)
81
What is Emotion Focused Coping?
Acting on the unpleasant sensation that results from deprivation ( the drive)
82
What is Self-Determination theory?
Two different factors can afffect motivation
83
What is Extrinsic Motivation?
External consequences that operantly condition behavior
84
What is Intrinsic Motivation?
Internal states and cognitive processes that motivate behavior
85

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