Psych 3rd Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
The idea the children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
A
self-socialization
2
Q
Being aware of the perspective of another person
A
role-taking
3
Q
In dodge’s theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent (continuous) (Information Processing Theory)
A
Hostile Attributional Bias
4
Q
Refers to whether children are motivated by master of by other’s views of their success
A
Achievement motivation
5
Q
A tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
A
Incremental/mastery
6
Q
Tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
A
Entity/helpless orientation
7
Q
Theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
A
Entity Theory
8
Q
A theory that a person’s intelligence can grow as a function of experience
A
Incremental theory
9
Q
Study of the evolutionary bases of behavior
A
Ethology
10
Q
Form of learning in which the newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species
A
Imprinting
11
Q
Theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring
A
Parental-investment theory
12
Q
Immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences and participates in
A
Microsystem
13
Q
The interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings
A
Mesosystem
14
Q
Environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly
A
Exosystem
15
Q
Larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded
A
Macrosystem
16
Q
Historical changes that influence the other systems
A
Chronosystem
17
Q
Syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention
A
ADHD
18
Q
Neural and physiological responses to the environment, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action
A
Emotions
19
Q
A theory in which emotions are viewed as innate, and each emotion has a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions
A
Discrete emotions theory
20
Q
A theory which argues that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal. In this view, emotions are not discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment
A
Functionalist perspective
21
Q
Smiles that are directed at people; they first emerge around the third month of life
A
Social smiles
22
Q
Feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached
A
Separation anxiety
23
Q
Emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others’ reactions to us
A
Self-conscious emotions
24
Q
The use of a parent’s or another adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations
A
Social referencing
25
Social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotions should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions
Display rules
26
The ability to cognitively process information about emotions and to use that information to guide both thought and behavior
Emotional intelligence
27
Set of both conscious and unconscious processes used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions
Emotion regulation
28
The process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress
Co-regulation
29
Repetitive actions that regular arousal by providing a middle positive physical sensation
Self-comforting behaviors
30
Looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one's level of arousal
Self-distraction
31
The ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others
Social competence
32
The direct and indirect influence that parents have on their children's standards, values, and ways of thinking and feeling
Emotion socialization
33
The use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions
Emotion coaching
34
Individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present form infancy and thus thought to be genetically bases
Temperament
35
Three types of temperament
Easy babies, difficult babies, and slow to warm up babies
36
The degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment
Goodness of fit
37
A circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive
Differential suspectibilly
38
Children's sense of well-being internally, such as in their emotions and stress levels, and externally, such as in their relationships with family members and peers
Mental health
39
A physiological reaction to some change or treat in the environment
Stress
40
Experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support from adults to help mitigate the effects of that stress
Toxic Stress
41
Traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life
ACEs
42
A state of having problems with emotional reactions to the environment and with social relationships in ways that affect daily life
Mental disorder
43
The concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorder
Equifinality
44
The concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder
Multifinality
45
A mental disorder that involves a sad or irritable mood along with physical and coginitive changes that interfere with daily life
Depression
46
The act of focusing on one's own negative emotions and negative self-appraisals and on their causes and consequences, without engaging in efforts to improve one's situation
Rumination
47
Extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems with another person
Co-rumination
48
Set of mental disorders that involve the inability to regulate fear and worry
Anxiety disorders
49
An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time
Attachment
50
Theory bases on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments do caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
Attachment theory
51
Refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment
Secure base
52
The child's mental representations of the self, of attachment figure, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages
Internal working model of attachment
53
A procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants' attachment to their primary caregiver
Strange Situation
54
Pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a positive and trusting relationship with their attachment figure, in the strange Situation, a securely attached infant may be upset when the caregiver leaves, but happy when the caregiver returns
Secure(50-60%)
55
A type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring. Upset when caregiver leaves and not easily comforted when the caregiver returns. Will squirm when being picked up even though they wanted to be picked up
Insecure/resistant(9%)
56
A type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver. If the infant gets upset when left alone, he/or she is easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent.
Insecure/avoidance (15%)
57
A type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress in the Strange Situation, Their behavior is confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented
Disorganized/disoriented(15%)
58
Caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and continent responsiveness to children, such as when they require assistance or are in distress
Parental sensitivity
59
Conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself
Self-concept
60
The process of comparing aspects of one's own psychological, behavior, or physical function to that of others in order to evaluate oneself
Social comparison
61
A form of adolescent egocentric that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts
Personal fable
62
The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentric, that everyone else if focused on the adolescents appearance and behavior
Imaginary audience
63
Individual's overall subjective evaluation of his or her worth and the feelings her or she has bout that evaluation
Self-esteem
64
A description of the self that is often externally imposed, such as through membership in a group
Identity
65
An integration of various aspects of the self in to a coherent whose that is stable over time and across events
Identity achievement
66
Period in which the individual is exploring various occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them
Moratorium
67
Period in which the individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity bases not he choices or values to others
Identity foreclosure
68
Period in which the individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progress toward developing them
Identity diffusion
69
The beliefs and attitudes an individual has about the ethnic or racial groups to which they belong
Ethnic and racial identity
70
Process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspect of one's culture of origin
Acculturation
71
One's sense of oneself as a sexual being
Sexual identity
72
A person's preference in regard to males or females as objects of erotic feelings
Sexual orientation
73
Young people who experience same-sex attractions
Sexual-minority youth
74
Group that involves at involves at least one adult who is related to the child by birth, marriage, adoption, or foster status and who is responsible for providing basic necessities as well as love, support, safety, stability, and opportunities for learning
Family
75
The number of and relationships among the people living in a household
Family structure
76
The way in which family members interact through various relationships; mother with each child, father with each child, mother with father, and siblings with one another
Family dynamics
77
The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture
Socialization
78
The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately
Discipline
79
The process wby which children learn and accept the reasons for desired behavior
Internalization
80
A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again
Punishment
81
Parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the emotional climate in regard to parent-child interactions, such as parental responsiveness and demandingness
Parenting style
82
A parenting style that is high in demandness and supportiveness
Authoritative parenting
83
A parenting style that is high in demandingness and low in responsiveness
Authoritarian parenting
84
A parenting that is high in responsiveness but low in demadigness
Permissive parenting
85
A parenting style that is low in both demandingness and responsiveness to their children; in other words, this style describes parents who are generally disengaged
Uninvolved parenting
86
Idea that parents and their children are mutually affected by one another's characteristics and behaviors
Bidirectionally of parent-child interactions
87
Action or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker than results in physical or emotional harm to a child or a risk of serious harm
Child maltreatment
88
The co-occurrence of multiple forms of maltreatment
Polyvictimization
89
Jose brought home a painting of the beach he made in art class to show his mom. According to Carol Dweck, what is the best response Jose’s mother can make if she wants to support Jose’s future motivation?
"Wow, you worked hard on that."
90
Which of the following is not a system of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model?
Monosystem
91
Which of the following is true about children’s media use?
A. Educational TV is beneficial for children’s learning.
B. Older children spend more time on screens than younger children.
C. Exposure to media violence has been found to be related to children’s aggression.
D. All the above
All the above
92
Nativists would most likely agree with which theory about emotional development?
Discrete Emotions Theory
93
Which of the following emotions is a 1-year-old not capable of expressing?
Self-conscious emotions (pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment)
94
Across development, a child learns to label more emotion types. Which of the below is the correct order of developmental progress (from earliest to latest) a child shows when learning how to label emotions?
Happiness, Anger, Disgust, Guilt
95
Which of the following is not a characteristic of children with high emotion regulation?
Poor relationships with peers
96
What was the primary conclusion of research with the Still-Face Paradigm?
Children became distressed when parents did not show emotion
97
Evelyn cries every time one of her parent’s friends comes to the house, does not take naps at the same time every day, sometimes refuses to take a bottle, and screams when her parents give her a new toy. According to research in temperament, Evelyn would most likely be classified as a:
Difficult baby
98
Why is attachment important to a developing child?
A. Provides food and protection
B. Helps children to learn to manage emotions
C. Allows the child to feel secure enough to explore the world
D. All the above
All the Above
99
How would a securely attached child respond in the Strange Situation procedure?
Become distressed when the mother leaves, but happy when the mother returns.
100
A mental disorder is:
A. Depression
B. a chronic, negative emotional reaction to aspects of the environment or social relationships that affect daily life and may persist throughout childhood and adulthood
C. Neither
D. Both A and B
Both A and B
101
means various factors (e.g., genetics, home environment) may lead to the same mental disorder.
equifinality
102
means certain risk factors (e.g., genetics, home environment) do not always lead to a certain mental disorder.
multifinality
103
How would a child perform in the rouge test if they had developed an understanding of the self?
Touch the spot on their face
104
Which of the following is true about self-esteem?
Boys generally have higher self-esteem than girls.
105
Which of the following is not true about older parents?
They have more children than younger parents.
106
Permissive parents are best classified as
High warmth and low control
107
Jordan follows directions and is generally well-behaved, so his mother sets clear expectations, uses a calm voice to talk to Jordan, and responds to his needs. This example best demonstrates which theme of child development?
Active child
108
Family structure is defined as:
the number of and relationships among the people living in a household
109
is a key factor in parent-child relationships that defines the mutual influence of these individuals over time and reinforces or perpetuates behavior.
bidirectionality
110
Child maltreatment includes:
A. Neglect
B. Sexual Abuse
C. Physical Abuse
D. All the Above
All the Above
111
4 stages of Role-Taking
1 = Learns someone else can have a different perspective different from their own.
2 = able to think about another's point of view
3 = Systematically compare own and other's viewpoints
4 = Attempt to understand another’s
perspective by comparing it with
a “generalized other”
Stage 1(6-8 yrs), Stage 2 (8-10 yrs), Stage 3 (10-12 yrs), Stage 4(12+ yrs)
Selman stages of Role Thinking (discontinuous)
112
Solution for Hostile Attributional Bias
Fast Track Project where high-risked 5 year olds (kindergarteners are at high risk and they coach them to reduce aggression)
113
Grace and Ava, both working hard, tried to solve a math problem and
initially both failed. Upon realizing that the problem was quite difficult,
Grace was excited about meeting the challenge and persevered in her
efforts to obtain the answer. In contrast, Ava felt anxious and only half-
heartedly tried to solve the problem. We can infer that Grace and Ava
have different learning goals. Grace is motivated by _____ goals and she
has an _____ view of intelligence, whereas Ava is motivated by _____
goals and she has an _____ view of intelligence.
Learning; incremental; performance; entity
114
A 7-year-old is home alone a lot because of his single mother's job. This
is located in the ____ in Bronfenbrenner's model: has inflexible hours
and policies.
Exosystem
115
Which of these aspects is in the microsystem of the Bioecological model?
Child's family and choice of activity
116
According to Erikson’s psychosocial development, which stage is crucial for
the development of ego?
Industry vs Inferiority
117
Which of these concepts is not associated with Watson?
Reinforcement
118
Which of the following correctly describes the discrete emotions theory?
emotions are viewed as innate, and each emotion has a specific and
distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions
119
According to Thomas and Chess’ goodness-of-fit concept, the parents of a
slow-to-warm-up child should:
create an environment that is less stressful and help the child with
strategies to regulate their emotions
120
What conclusion(s) is made in Chapter 10 about shame and guilt?
Shame + Guilt = self-conscious and guilt is associated with empathy for others
121
What are the two components of mental health?
Internal well-being and external relationships
122
Although children who have been maltreated are twice as likely as non-
maltreated children to develop depression or anxiety in adolescence or
young adulthood, not every maltreated child develops a disorder. This
could be explained by:
multifinality
123
Kelsey was nervous when she first entered a room full of kids she did not
know. She stayed around her mother and did not want to explore the room.
Later, she saw that her mother was smiling and talking with the parents of
the other kids, so she decided to play with the toys in the room and joined
the other kids. This represents the idea of:
Social referencing
124
According to findings of Harlow (1958), which of the two “mothers” would
an infant rhesus monkey prefer and spend more time on?
The cloth mother regardless of whether it fed the infant monkey or not
when it was young
125
Alice was very clingy on her first day of kindergarten. She followed her
mother closely rather than exploring the space. When her mother left the
room, she became very upset and cried intensely. When her mother
came to pick her up, she began to squirm and try to break away from her
mother's embrace. Which of the following attachment types is Alice likely
to have?
Insecure/resistant attachment
126
Which of the following is not a way 3-4 year old children understand
themselves?
Abstract thinking
127
According to James Marcia’s theory of identity development, this identity
status is identified by exploration and commitment
Identity achievement
128
What benefits does other-oriented induction bring to children’s social
development?
Internalization and Empathy
129
Amy is a 16-year-old girl who is socially and academically adept. She is
confident and popular among her peers. Which parenting style is her
parents likely to adopt?
Authoritative
130
Which of these following statements is not true about low-income versus high-
income families?
High-income families worry more about bullying and drug problems
131
An adolescent is displaying antisocial behavior and low academic
competence. They are also engaging in risky sexual behavior and
substance abuse. What parenting style is associated with these traits?
Uninvolved
132
Which of these possible influences of childhood maltreatment are
incorrectly paired with their bioecological layer?
Exosystem - parental substance abuse
