Psych Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What is classical conditioning using an example and naming the stimuli and responses?
A
- Steak (UNCONDITIONED stimulus) makes a dog drool (NATURAL response).
- Associating a bell (CODITIONAL stimulus) with a steak makes dog drooln absence of steak: the bell has become the CONDITIONED stimulus and drooling at it is the CONDITIONED RESPONSE
2
Q
How are natural and conditioned response different?
A
The response is the same, it is just called the conditioned response when it occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus
3
Q
What are consequences and in what model are they seen?
A
Outcomes of a behavior influencing the likelihood it will happen again
4
Q
Difference between stimulus in classical and operant conditioning?
A
Classical: stimulus is presented before behaviour
Operant: consequence given after behavior to increase or decrease its likelihood
5
Q
What are positive and negative consequences?
A
**Remember, a consequence can be a punishment, or a reinforcement:
Positive consequences: involves DOING something
Negative consequences: involve stopping or withholding something
6
Q
What are reinforcement and punishment?
A
*Both are consequences to a certain behavior:
Reinforcement: makes behavior more likely
Punishment: makes behavior it less likely
7
Q
What is negative reinforcement?
A
Temporarily removing adverse condition when behavior is performed
8
Q
What is negative punishment?
A
Temporarily removing a non adverse condition when a behavior is performed
***Taking away a kids toys when they bite you
9
Q
What is extinction?
A
Loss of a trained behavior after the stimulus is removed
10
Q
What is transference?
A
PATIENT is projecting a past relationship onto the clinician
11
Q
What is COUNTERtransference?
A
CLINICIAN is transferring past relationship onto patient
12
Q
What is the isolation defense?
A
“Think isolation of affect”
- You are isolating your emotions even when talking about a terrible event
13
Q
What is identification?
A
Modeling your identity on someone more powerful?
14
Q
What is splitting?
A
Dividing the world into absolutes: everything is either all good, or all bad
**Characteristic of borderline personality disorder
15
Q
What is splitting characteristic of?
A
Borderline personality disorder
16
Q
What is SUBconsciously blocking a painful memory?
A
Repression
17
Q
What is repression?
A
SUBconsciously blocking a painful memory
18
Q
What is consciously blocking a painful memory?
A
Suppression
19
Q
What is suppression?
A
Consciously blocking a painful memory
- Aware it is going on but you choose not to think about it
- Choosing not to worry about something for now
20
Q
Most mature of suppression, repression, and denial?
A
Suppression
21
Q
What is denial?
A
You are consciously aware of bad new but you are subconsciously unable to accept
22
Q
What is projection?
A
Seeing your shitty qualities in someone else
- Think of a projector machine projecting them onto the wall or someone else
23
Q
What is displacement?
A
Taking your anger from one person and acting it out on another person - think, your anger is misplaced!
24
Q
What is fixation?
A
Never growing up
- Adults who have been doing something childish for a while such as video games
25
What is regression?
Have grown up but revert back to old behavior
| - Starting to wet bed or such thumb in response to a stressor
26
What is reaction formation?
Instead of performing and unacceptable action, you perform the exact opposite
- Obsessed with sex so you become a celibate priest
27
What is sublimation?
Aware of anger but you channel it to something similar but safer:
- I want to punch someone but I am going to play hockey instead
28
Rates and genetics of schizophrenia?
General population: 1%
First degree relative: 10%
Monozygotic Twin: 50%
29
Effects of infant deprivation of care?
"Weak, wordless, wary, wanting"
- Failure to thrive
- Low verbal scores
- Difficulty trusting others
- Poor social development
30
What is reactive attachment disorder?
- Lack of social stimulation causing unresponsiveness and physical decline
- Can lead to coma and death
31
What do spiral fractures indicated?
Child abuse from grabbing and twisting long bones
32
Signs of shaken baby?
1. Rib bruise and fracture
2. Cervical spine fracture
3. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment
4. Subdural hematoma w/o external trauma
33
Who usually commits physical child abuse?
Caregiver, females for often
34
Who usually commits sexual abuse?
Not the caregiver but a male the child knows
35
Signs of child abuse?
1. Sexually precocious: outside normal body curiosity
36
Signs of osteogenesis imperfecta?
1. Blue sclera
2. Multiple fractures
3. Hearing loss
4. Opalescent teeth
37
What to do when you expect child neglect?
Call CPS
38
What is vulnerable child syndrome?
- Parents believe child is vulnerable to harm following serious illness or accident
- Leads to missed school or overuse of medical system
39
What is only non stimulant non habit forming medicine for ADHD?
Atomoxetine
40
What is oppositional defiant disorder? Conduct?
Oppositional: Consistent defiance and hostility to authority figures
Conduct: defiant but consistently are violating rights of others with criminal behavior common
*Start fires, steal, violent
41
Difference between conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder
Same thing but:
| Conduct disorder: 18 yo
42
Presentation of tourettes?
1. Vocal tics
| 2. Motor tics
43
2 associated diseases with tourettes?
1. OCD
| 2. ADHD
44
Characteristics of autism spectrum?
1. Fixated and repetitive behavior
2. Social disability
3. Communication disability
45
What is Rett syndrome?
- Only disease of autism spectrum with known cause
- X linked recessive seen only in girls
- If you dont have 1 normal X chromosome disease is deadly
46
Diagnosis with autistic girl hand wringing?
Rett syndrome
47
Presentation of Rett?
1. Hand wringing
2. Regression of verbal abilities
3. Autism spectrum
4. Only females
48
2 Comorbidities of ADHD?
1. Tourette
2. Conduct disorder
3. Oppositional defiant
49
Movement effect of ACH and dopamine?
ACH: anti movement
De: pro movement
50
De pro or anti psychotic?
Pro "Dont act DOPEY"
51
Disease in which glutamate is high?
Alzheimers
52
NTs in alzheimer's?
1. Increased glutamate
| 2. Decreased ACH
53
Which NT is pro memory?
ACH
54
NTs in anxiety?
1. High NE
2. Low 5HT
3. Low GABA
55
NTs in depression?
1. Low NE
2. Low 5ht
3. Low DE
56
NTs in huntington's?
1. Increased DE
2. Decreased ACH
3. Low GABA
57
NTs in parkinson's?
Opposite huntingtons
1. Low DE
2. Increased ACH
58
NTs in schizo?
1. High DE
59
In which order do you lose your orientations?
1. Time
2. Place
3. Person
60
What causes korsakoff syndrome? Signs?
- Mamillary body destruction from thiamine deficiency
- Leads to anterograde amnesia
- Confabulation seen
61
What is dissociative amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia secondary to emotional trauma
62
What is dissociative amnesia?
Trauma causing inability to remember personal info
63
What is dissociative fugue?
SEVERE loss of identity: wondering off to somewhere random sometimes even developing a new identity
64
What is dissociated identity disorder?
Psychological trauma causing multiple personalities
65
What is depersonalization disorder?
Feeling disconnected with interactions with world around you
66
What is delirium?
- Acute onset, waxing and waning altered mental status
| - Usually result of medical issues
67
What is dementia?
- Chronic, progressive decline of mental status
| - Usually in elderly
68
Common symptoms of delirium and dementia?
```
Delerium:
1. Lapse in consciousness and focus
2. Hallucinations
Dementia:
1. Gradual memory loss
2. Loss of language skills
```
69
Delirium of dementia reversible?
Delerium will reverse once underlying cause is treated
70
Reversible causes of dementia that need to be ruled out?
1. Thyroid
2. B12
3. Depression
4. Normal pressure hydrocephalus
71
In which dementia are hallucinations seen?
Lewy body disorder
72
What is psychosis?
Inability to experience reality normally
73
Main signs of psychosis? and criteria?
At least two symptoms present for > 1 month during a 6 month period and one must be:
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Disorganized speech
74
What is disorganized speech?
Speech that doesn't make logical sense
75
Non psychotic causes of hallucinations?
1. Narcolepsy
2. Drugs
3. Alcohol withdrawal
76
What are hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations?
Both seen in narcolepsy
- Hypnopompic: when you POP out of bed
- Hypnogogic: when you GO to bed
77
Normal hallucination in psychotic folks?
Auditory
78
When are olfactory and gustatory hallucinations often seen?
Epileptic aura
79
What are tactile hallucinations associated with?
Alcohol and drug withdrawal
80
Negative symptoms mean better or worse prognosis in schizo?
Worse
81
Time requirement for schizophrenia?
6 months from start of symptoms
| - Starts at the prodrome, not at the break
82
Break out the psychotic disorders by time?
1. Schizophrenia: > 6 months
2. Schizophreniform: 1 - 6 months
3. Brief psychotic disorder:
83
What is schizoaffective disorder?
- Psychotic disorder leading to mood symptoms
84
How to tell schizoaffective vs. MDD with psychosis, vs. Bi polar with psychosis?
Affective: Mood symptoms must overlap psychosis
- Psychosis can occur independently
**Must be 2 weeks of psychosis sans mood
MDD:
- Psychosis only seen alongside mood symptoms
BP:
- Psychosis only seen alongside mood symptoms
85
If you are grieving and hallucinating are you psychotic?
No, falls under normal bereavement
86
Imaging of schizophrenia?
Enlarged ventricles
87
What is delusional disorder?
- Only psychotic symptom is delusions
- Must be > 1 month
- Delusion is non bizarre: could happen but not true
- Function normally not lost
88
What are the two down disorders?
1. MDD
| 2. Dysthymia
89
Why are the up and down disorders?
1. BP1
2. BP2
3. Cyclothymia
90
What is a manic episode?
```
Abnormally elevated OR irritable mood + 3 of "DIG FAST"
Distractibility
Irresponsibility
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Agitation / activity
Sleeplessness
Talkative
```
91
Signs to distinguish stimulant OD from mania?
1. Tachycardia
2. Dilated pupils
* **Urine toxicology for definitive diagnosis
92
What is a hypomanic episode?
Like a manic episode but:
1. Does not significantly impair function
- Can actually increase
2. There is no psychosis
93
Definition of Bipolar I and II?
Bipolar I: 1 episode mania and usually MDD as well
| Bipolar II: 1 episode HYPOmania + 1 episode MDD
94
Bipolar I or II considered more severe and why?
II - mania is milder but the lows tend to be much lower and cycle faster
***Suicide risk is also higher
95
What happen in BP patient given only antidepressant without mood stabilizer?
Catapult them into mania
96
What is cyclothymia?
- Mood episodes are not distinct, constantly cycling but at a milder level
- Must occur for AT LEAST 2 years
- Subclinical depression and hypomania
* **
97
2 mood that can define MDD? Time criteria?
At least two weeks of either:
1. Depressed mood
2. Anhedonia: can't find pleasure in normal things
98
What is the MDD pneumonic?
"SIG E CAPS"
Sleep changes
Interest decrease
Guilt
Energy decrease
```
Concentration decrease
Appetite changes
Psychomotor changes
Suicidality
++++Depressed mood counts as no as well
```
99
Diagnostic criteria for MDD?
- 5 SIGECAPS
- > 2 weeks
- 1 Lifetime episode with no history of mania
100
What is dysthymia?
- Milder form of MDD
- > 2 years symptoms
- Don't meet all 5 MMD criteria
- No periods > 2 months normal
101
Signs of melancholic depression?
1. Depressed mood AND anhedonia
2. Sleep loss
3. Weight loss
4. Increased REM
5. Nighttime awakeness
6. Wake early in morning
102
What is atypical depression?
1. Depressed mood can be fixed by positive events
2. Eat more
3. Sleep more
4. Sensitive to rejection
103
Best drug for atypical depression?
MAOIs
104
Normal postpartum blues descriptors?
1. Not suicidal
| 2.
105
What is normal bereavement?
1.
106
Most common means of suicide?
Guns
107
Panic disorder diagnostics?
1. 1 panic attack
| 2. 1 month preoccupation with attack
108
How to treat panic attack?
Benzo
109
What is specific phobia?
Fear of specific:
1. Thing
2. Situation (social anxiety)
3. Environment (agoraphobia)
110
What is agoraphobia?
Excessive fear of uncontrollable environments:
1. Open spaces
2. Public transport
3. Crowded spaces
111
What phobia associated with panic attacks?
Agoraphobia
112
Treatment for specific phobia?
Systematic desensitization
113
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
1. > 6 months anxiety
2. Not related to specific trigger
3. Psychosomatic symptoms
114
What drug has side effect of seizures?
Benzons
115
Time criteria for adjustment disorder?
Ends within 6 months of removal of stressor
| - Could persist indefinitely if not removed
116
What is a compulsion?
Repetitive action that temporarily relieves anxiety of obsession
117
Difference between OCD and obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
- OCD, you know your obsession are nuts (ego dystonic)
| - OCPD you do not (ego syntonic)
118
Which childhood disorder is OCD associated with?
Tourettes
119
What is body dysmorphic disorder?
Obsession with perceived physical imperfection
| - Look for lots of plastic surgery
120
Who is looking for lots of plastic surgery?
Body dysmorphic disorder
121
Trauma criteria for PTSD?
1. Death
2. Serious injury
3. Sexual violence
* Must have experienced or witnessed this
122
Symptoms of PTSD?
1. Flashbacks
2. Nightmares
3. Avoidance of stimuli
4. Hypervigilance
* **Must last at least one month
123
What is acute stress disorder?
Symptoms of PTSD but last
124
What is malingering?
Lying for gain to medical professional: get out of work or for narcotics for example
125
What is factitious disorder?
Faking medical condition for no real reason other than craving the attention or something
126
What is munchausen by proxy?
Caregiver forces child or elderly to act sick because they receive gratification for some sick reason
127
What are somatoform disorder? 2 types?
Being obsessed with thinking you are sick when you really are not
1. Illness anxiety: FEAR of serious illness
- Have stomach but but think they have AAA
2. Somatic symptom disorder: multiple unexplained complaints
- Psychogenic problem is causing the pain
128
What is conversion disorder?
Stressor leading to specific sensory or motor loss and person doesn't seem to really care
129
How to treat somatic symptoms?
1. Dont tell them they aren't really sick
| 2. Schedule regular follow ups
130
What do clusters A B and C share characteristics with?
"Weird, Wild, worried"
A: psychotic
B: Bipolar
C: anxiety
131
What is paranoid PD?
- Everyone out to get you
132
Schizoid PD?
"Remember the 'D' for distant"
- Blunted emotional range
- Not interested in social interactions
133
Schizotypal PD?
- Unusual beliefs and magical thinking
- Eccentric dress and appearance
- Socially awkward
134
What is schizoaffective?
Schizophrenia with the personality issues of PDs as well
135
Borderline PD?
- Emotionally very high and low
- Unstable relationships
- Use splitting often
136
Histrionic PD?
- Outgoing
| - Sexually provocative
137
Narcissistic PD?
- Grandiosity
- React horribly to criticism
- Lack of empathy
- Arrogant
138
Antisocial PD
- Conduct disorder in person > 18 yo
- Lack of empathy
- Arrogant
- Criminal behavior
139
Which cluster B responds best to treatment?
Borderline to dialectic behavioral therapy
140
Avoidant PD?
- Avoid social interaction
- Low self esteem / inadequacy
- Hypersensitive to rejection
141
Rule for diagnosing eating disorder?
1. If underweight = anorexia, BMI
142
Definition of purging?
1. Vomit
2. Exercise
3. Laxatives
4. Diuretics
143
What is binge eating disorder?
- Binge phase of bulimia with not purge
- No preoccupation with weight
- Obesity and type II rampant
144
Transgender, transexual, Transvestite?
Genger: want to live as no biologic gender
Sexual: Same as above + Change body
Vest: sexual pleasure from dressing as other genger
145
Who do antipsychotics cause ED?
Suppress DE, disinhibiting prolactin which suppresses the axis
146
When do nightmares occur?
REM
147
When to sleep terrors occur?
Slow wave
| - Thrash and scream but have no memory
148
What is the issue with narcolepsy?
Orexin AKA hypocretin
149
What is cataplexy?
Dropping to ground when feel strong emotion, indicative of narcolepsy
150
Depressant withdrawal symptoms?
1. Anxiety
2. WIthdrawal
3. Tremmor
151
Stimulant withdrawal symptoms?
1. Depression
2. Lethargy
3. Headache
4. Weight gain
152
When are goosebumps, yawning, and pinpoint pupils seen?
Opioids withdrawal
153
Depressant with highest risk of repiratory collapse?
Barbiturates
154
Treatment of opioid OD?
Naloxone: mu antagonist
155
Drugs leading to dilated pupils?
1. Amphetamines
| 2. Cocaine
156
Treatment of Cocaine withdrawal?
1. Benzo
2. A1 blocker for coronary vasoconstriction
* ***Never use BB, will drop CO too low when cardiac vessels are already over dilated
157
Non nicotinic agents approved for smoking cessation?
1. Bupropion
| 2. Varenicline
158
What is good about LSD?
1. No withdrawal
| 2. Is not habit forming
159
What is phencyclidine?
PCP
160
What does PCP intoxication look like?
1. BELLIGERENCE
2. Stimulated
3. Analgesia
4. Hallucinations
5 NYSTAGMUS
161
Signs of wernicke's encephalopathy?
From Thiamin deficiency / booze:
1. Ophthalmoplegie
2. Ataxia
3 Confusion
162
What is B1?
Thiamin
163
First line for depression?
SSRIs
164
Goal of stimulus control therapy for insomnia?
Disassociate bedroom with stimulating activities:
1. Reading
2. TV
3. Eating
4. Fear of sleep
165
What is priapism? What drug can cause it?
Persistent erection > 4 hours
| - Can be caused by TRAZODONE
166
Time place and age requirement for ADHD?
- Must occur before 12 yo
| - Must occur in > 1 setting
167
What causes drug induced parkinsonism?
Blockage of D2 receptors
168
Drugs good to treat drug induced parkinsonism?
1. Benzotropine
| 2. Trihexyphenidyl
169
What is gender?
Innate feeling of being male or female developed by age 3 -4
170
Best treatment for specific phobia?
Behavioral therapy
171
Does OCD involve compulsions?
NO
172
Who displays patterns of unstable relationships beginning in childhood and leading to adulthood?
Borderline personality disorder
173
Treatment for bulimia nervosa?
SSRIs: fluoxetine is #1
174
Benzons good in liver failure?
1. Lorazepam
2. Oxazepam
3. Temazepam
175
Mechanism of PCP?
NMDA antagonism
176
Is suppression or repression a conscious decision?
Suppression, it is "what you are SUPPOSED to do"
