Psych Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Competing expectations within a single role create tension
A
Role strain
2
Q
Competing expectations for two or more roles create tension
i.e. a student who is employed part-time struggles to find enough time to complete homework and work late hours
A
Role conflict
3
Q
An individual disengages from a social role, often replaying it with a new social role
A
Role exit
4
Q
Defense mechanisms are the largely unconscious means by which reality is altered (ie distorted or ignored) to relieve anxiety or stress
A
Psychoanalytic theory
5
Q
Inability or refusal to recognize unacceptable thoughts or behaviors
A
Denial
6
Q
Attributing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors to someone else or something else
A
Projection
7
Q
Making excuses for unacceptable thoughts or behaviors
A
Rationalization
8
Q
Behaving as if much younger to avoid unacceptable thoughts or behaviors
A
Regression
9
Q
Blocking unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from consciousness
A
Repression
10
Q
Taking out unacceptable thoughts or behaviors on a safe target
A
Displacement
11
Q
Transforming unacceptable thoughts or behaviors into acceptable thoughts/behaviors
A
Sublimation
12
Q
Behaving in a manner opposite unacceptable thoughts/behaviors
A
Reaction formation
13
Q
Membership is based on shared goals and/or values
A
Normative organization
14
Q
Membership is driven by compensation
A
Utilitarian organization
15
Q
Membership is not freely chosen and/or maintained
A
Coercive organization
16
Q
Extreme concern regarding one or more physical symptoms (ie pain, fatigue)
A
Somatic symptom disorder
17
Q
Neurological symptoms that are not explainable by a medical condition
A
Conversion disorder
18
Q
Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious disease
A
Illness anxiety disorder
19
Q
Symptoms or illness are intentionally fabricated without obvious external gain
A
Factitious disorder
20
Q
Variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment
A
Independent variable
21
Q
Variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment
A
Dependent variable
22
Q
Guided by information, beliefs, or ideas already stored in our brain
A
Top-down processing
23
Q
Guided by incoming data, often sensory information
A
Bottom-up processing
24
Q
The intensity value at which an individual is able to detect the stimulus 50% of the time
A
Absolute threshold
25
The smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time
Difference threshold or just noticeable difference
26
Holds that specific emotions are elicited by stimuli that produce specific physiological reactions, which are transmitted as sensory information to the brain via spinal cord
James-Lange Theory
27
Emotion results from physiological arousal followed by cognitive appraisal
Schachter-Singer Theory
28
Physiological arousal and emotion are independent processes that occur simultaneously
Cannon-Bard Theory
29
Future undesirable stimulus is prevented
Avoidance learning
30
Current undesirable stimulus is removed
Escape learning
31
Desirable stimulus added
Positive reinforcement
32
Undesirable stimulus removed
Negative reinforcement
33
Undesirable stimulus added
Positive punishment
34
Desirable stimulus removed
Negative punishment
35
Occur when a memory is attributed to the wrong source
Source monitoring errors
36
The tendency to perceive an event as being likely after it has occurred, even if it was unlikely
Hindsight bias
37
Refers to the impaired processing that occurs when a stimulus is initially ignored
Negative priming
38
Tendency to blame others’ behaviors in their internal instead of external factors
Fundamental attribution error
39
Attempts to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behaviors
CBT
40
Attempts to uncover how unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shape behaviors
Psychoanalytic therapy
41
Attempts to empower individual to move toward self-actualization
Humanistic therapy (person centered)
42
Values and norms do not oppose the dominant culture, although group is characteristically distinct
Subculture
43
Learned values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by most people in society
Dominant culture
44
Values and norms oppose the dominant culture
Counterculture
45
Formed after believers split from an established church, often in pursuit of a more pure traditional form of faith
Sects
46
Radical groupie of believers organized around a charismatic leader
Cult
47
Established formal organizations that tend to be well integrated into society
Churches
48
Society = an organism
Each part of society works to maintain dynamic equilibrium
Functionalism
49
Society = struggle for limited resources
Inequality based on social class
Conflict
50
Social factors define what is real
Knowledge about world is based on interactions
Social constructionism
51
Individual behaviors and interactions attempt to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost
Rational choice/social exchange
52
Examines gender equality in society
Feminist
53
Differ by context and culture
Subjective meanings
54
Reduced importance of religion as society industrializes
Modernization
55
Reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines
Secularization
56
Refers to the renewed adherence to strict, traditional religious beliefs and practices by some individuals
Fundamentalism
57
Refers to the extent to which a religious doctrine is internalized and incorporated into an individual’s life
Religiosity
58
Memory for things that cannot be called consciously, such as skills, tasks, emotions, and reflexes
Implicit memory
59
Memory or facts that can be called intentionally or consciously
Explicit memory
60
Memory for motor skills
i.e bike riding
Procedural memory
61
Memory for associations between stimuli
Emotional/reflexive memory
62
Memory of knowledge about facts
Semantic memory
63
Occurs when individuals tend to embrace evidence supporting their beliefs, dismiss or ignore evidence refuting them, and interpret evidence as support
Confirmation bias
64
Occurs when positive stereotypes about social groups cause improved performance
Stereotype boost
65
Dominant social position
Master status
66
Attained social position
Achieved status
67
Assigned social position
Ascribed social status
68
Suggests that laws are created to serve those in power and maintain their privilege
Conflict theory
69
Describes when social structures (health care, education) increase efficiency, quantity, standardization, and automation at the expense of individuality, quality, and a skilled workforce.
McDonaldization of society
70
Suggests that human populations increase exponentially but the resources needed to sustain those populations (food) increase more slowly, resulting in preventative checks that voluntarily decreased the birth rate and positive checks that involuntarily increase the death rate in society
Malthusian theory of population
71
of offspring an organism produces
Direct fitness
72
of relatives an organism aids through altruistic behavior
Indirect fitness
73
of genes passed on to the next generation
Overall fitness
74
Occurs when the message sender is also the receiver
Auto communication
75
[ ] can be explained by the theory of [ ]
Altruism, inclusive Fitness
76
Occurs when the likelihood of a repeating behavior is influenced by the outcome of that behavior
Operant conditioning
77
Occurs when a stimulus that did not previously elicit a meaningful response takes on the properties of a biologically arousing stimulus after being paired
Classical conditioning
78
Mental shortcuts that allow for fast problem solving and decision making but sometimes lead to inaccurate conclusions
Heuristics
79
How easily something comes to memory
Availability heuristic
80
How well something matches a mental prototype
Representative heuristic
81
Uncontrolled variables that have an effect on the independent and/or dependent variables
Confounding variable
82
An attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality is assumed to have other positive qualities
The halo effect
83
Explains the perception of sound pitch (frequency)
States that specific wavelength frequencies generate vibrations at specific loci on the basilar membrane of the cochlea
Place theory
84
Economic theory of globalization that views the world as a global economy where some countries benefit at the expense of others
World systems theory
85
Wealthy with strong, diversified economies and centralized governments that take resources from poorer countries and lead the global economic market through the export of goods around the world
eg United States, Western Europe
Core nation
86
Poor and have weak governments and economies and rely on the export (coffee, oil, labor) of their resources to wealthier countries
Periphery nations
87
The process by which tangibles and intangibles spread across the world, primarily as a result of advances in technology and communication
Globalization
88
There are no right or wrong cultural practices, most inclusive of cultural differences
Cultural relativism
89
Psychometric technique designed to measure unconscious attitudes
Implicit association test
90
Dementia that is caused by a thiamin deficiency that often results from chronic alcohol consumption
Korsakoff Syndrome
91
Risk factors include a mutation causing greater amyloid plaque accumulation and many lifestyle factors
Alzheimer’s Disease
92
The specialization of each brain hemisphere for certain cognitive functions
Hemispheric lateralization
93
Specialized for visuospatial, emotional, and artistic/musical processing
Right hemisphere
94
Specialized for linguistic and analytical processing
Left hemisphere
95
Specialized neurons in the brain that fire both while observing and while performing a behavior
Mirror neurons
96
Occurs when previously learning information interferes with the learning of new information
Proactive interference
97
Occurs when more recent information interferes with the recall of previously learned information
Retroactive learning
98
Graphically convey the uncertainty of statistics (eg mean)
Confidence interval
99
If confidence intervals DO NOT overlap, the two means are statistically significantly different
However the opposite is not always true
100
Cognitive biases (common errors in thinking) That tend to occur when people attempt to explain a behavior (their own or someone else’s) or attribute it to something
Attributional errors
101
Type of attributional error in which an individual attributes success to internal factors but blames failure on external factors
Example: failure on an exam is attributed to the test being unfair, but success in an exam is attributed to ones intelligence
Serves to protect self-esteem
Self-serving bias
102
Common cognitive bias that occurs when we tend to favor information confirming beliefs and ignore, disregard, or refute information contradicting those beliefs
Confirmation bias
103
I’m scientific research, to operationalize a variable means that a variable....
Is not directly measurable (eg fatigue, depression) is defined in such a way that it CAN be measured for the purposes of testing
104
Problem-solving shortcuts that are efficient but not always accurate
Heuristics
105
A-ha moment
Insight
106
Scientifically studies individuals in their own communities to learn about culture, norms, and values in an area
Ethnography
107
Occurs when the presence of others enhances performance
Social facilitation
108
Occurs when the presence of others hinders on difficult unfamiliar tasks
Social impairment
109
Loss of individual self-awareness when one is part of a large group engaged in an emotionally arousing activity
Deindividuation
110
Behavior in social situations
Front-stage sels
111
Behavior in private
Back-stage self
112
Behavior caused by internal factors
Dispositional attribution
113
Behavior caused by external factors
Situational attribution
114
Observational studies that assess data from a large section of the population at a given point and can determine the prevalence of a disease
Cross-sectional studies
115
Observational studies that assess data over time
Longitudinal studies
