PSYCH 9 11 12!

Question 1

Study of continuity and
change across the life span

Answer 1

Developmental Psychology

Question 2

What is the Nature-Nurture debate?

Answer 2

A debate of whether we are the way we are because of the influence of genes we inherit (nature), or it’s the environmental influences that affect development (nurture).

Question 3

What are the three domains of developmental psychology?

Answer 3

Biological Development, Cognitive development, and psychosocial development

Question 4

Who describes development in discontinuous stages?

Answer 4

Freud
Erickson
Piaget

Question 5

Fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

Answer 5

Zygote

Question 6

2-week period that begins at conception

Answer 6

Germinal Stage

Question 7

Period that lasts from the 2nd week until about
the 8th week

Answer 7

Embryonic Stage

Question 8

Period that lasts from the 2nd week until about
the 8th week

Answer 8

Fetal Stage

Question 9

Agents that damage the process of development,
such as drugs and viruses

Answer 9

Teratogens

Question 10

Developmental disorder that stems
from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Answer 10

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 11

Time when certain things
must occur for normal
development

Answer 11

Critical Period

Question 12

Time when a particular
development occurs most
easily

Answer 12

Sensitive Period

Question 13

Emergence of the ability to think and understand

Answer 13

cognitive development

Question 14

created stages of cognitive development (stages were continuous)

Answer 14

Jean Piaget

Question 15

infants acquire information about
the world by sensing it and moving around within it (develops schemas) (Jean Piaget)

Answer 15

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth- 2 years)

Question 16

Children have a preliminary
understanding of the physical world (Jean Piaget)(does not understand conservation) (egocentric)

Answer 16

Preoperational stage (2-6 years)

Question 17

Children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects (Jean Piaget) (can think logically about physical objects and events)

Answer 17

Concrete Operational Stage (6-11 years)

Question 18

Children can solve non-
physical problems; abstract thinking (Jean Piaget) (abstract)

Answer 18

Formal Operational Stage (11+ years)

Question 19

developed a theory of three stages in moral development (based on responses to moral dilemmas)

Answer 19

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 20

Morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor (Lawrence Kohlberg)

Answer 20

Preconventional Stage (childhood)

Question 21

Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules (Lawrence Kohlberg)

Answer 21

Conventional Stage (adolescence)

Question 22

Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values (Lawrence Kohlberg)

Answer 22

Postconventional Stage (adults)

Question 23

Emotional bond that forms between
newborns and their primary caregivers

Answer 23

Attachment

Question 24

(50-70%): baby may or may not cry upon
separation; wants to be with mom upon her return and stops crying

Answer 24

Secure Attachment

Question 25

(10-20%): baby not upset by separation; ignores or looks away when mom returns

Answer 25

Avoidant Attachment

Question 26

(10-20%): separation upsets baby; remains upset after mom’s return and is difficult to console

Answer 26

Resistant Attachment

Question 27

(5-10%): separation and return confuse the baby; reacts in contradictory ways (e.g., seeking proximity to the returned mom, but not looking at her)

Answer 27

Disorganized Attachment

Question 28

High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication

Answer 28

Authoritarian Parenting

Question 29

High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control

Answer 29

Permissive Parenting

Question 30

Parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

Answer 30

Authoritative Parenting

Question 31

Parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives.

Answer 31

Neglectful/uninvolved parenting

Question 32

developed stages of human development that all humans go through

Answer 32

Erik Erikson

Question 33

Specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation; innate

Answer 33

Reflexes

Question 34

Emergence of the ability to execute physical action

Answer 34

Motor development

Question 35

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Answer 35

Conservation

Question 36

Regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness – motives that can also produce emotional disorders; discovered by Freud

Answer 36

Psychodynamic Approach

Question 37

unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Answer 37

Id

Question 38

the “executive”, mediates the demands of the id and superego

Answer 38

Ego

Question 39

the conscience, provides standards for judgment and future aspirations

Answer 39

Super ego

Question 40

Freud believed that ...

Answer 40

we are only aware of a small amount of our mind’s activities and that most of it remains hidden from us in our unconscious.

Question 41

Analytical psychology * Downplayed the importance of sexual instinct * Collective unconscious contains archetypes * Affect one’s thoughts and feelings * Also proposed 2 approaches to life * Introversion and Extroversion

Answer 41

Carl Jung

Question 42

Individual psychology * People are motivated by an inferiority complex * Feeling of inferiority gives rise to a drive for superiority * Social, not sexual in nature * Self-awareness plays a role in the formation of personality * Creative self

Answer 42

Alfred Adler

Question 43

* Argued girls do not feel inferior to boys * Social relationships are more important than unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses * Believed that genuine and consistent love can alleviate the effects of even the most traumatic childhood

Answer 43

Karen Horney

Question 44

Stages of psychosocial development * Each stage possessed two possible outcomes * Goal of adolescence is attainment of identity

Answer 44

Erik Erikson

Question 45

Relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

Answer 45

Trait

Question 46

How many core traits are there and what are they?

Answer 46

5: openness, consciousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 46

How many core traits are there and what are they?

Answer 46

5: openness, consciousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 47

Emphasized the effects of reinforcements on behavior

Answer 47

B.F. Skinner

Question 48

Focused on observed and measurable behavior, and not undetectable, unconscious forces

Answer 48

John B. Watson

Question 49

Focused on learning by observation and on cognitive processes that underlie personal differences

Answer 49

Albert Bandura

Question 50

Approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

Answer 50

Social Cognitive Approach

Question 51

emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature; goodness and potential for growth. * People are capable of: * Free choice * Self-fulfillment * Ethical behavior

Answer 51

Humanistic Psychologists

Question 52

focus on the individual as responsible agent, negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death. * Based on the view that people are free and responsible for their own behavior

Answer 52

Existentialist Psychologist

Question 53

_____believed (like Maslow) in an individual's self-actualization tendencies. He believed that a growth-promoting environment required: * Genuineness * Acceptance, including unconditional positive regard - an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. * Empathy

Answer 53

Carl Rogers

Question 54

Focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes

Answer 54

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 55

What are the two main types of personality tests, and what are their characteristics?

Answer 55

Self-Report Inventories and Projective Tests: Validity, Reliability, and Standardization

Question 56

Focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes

Answer 56

Dispositional Attributions

Question 57

Behavior is ascribed to a person’s external factors

Answer 57

Situational Attributions

Question 58

* When we explain other people’s behavior we tend to: * Overestimate the role of personal factors, and * Overlook the impact of situations * Actor-observer effect * Attributing other’s behavior to dispositional factors and one’s own to situational factors

Answer 58

Fundamental Attribution Error