Psych and Sociology Flashcards

Question

Nonassociative learning

Answer 1

When an organism is repeatedly exposed to a given stimulus Ex: Trying to study for MCAT but annoying buzzing sound coming from overhead lights

Answer 2

Transition from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates as a result of a country's development from a pre-industrial to industrial framework due to both economic and social changes; both fertility and mortality rates decrease

Answer 3

State of consciousness where attention ismore focused and peripheral awareness is reduced - Some studies demonstrate EEG measures with more low frequency waves and fewer high frequency waves during hypnosis - Other studies demonstrate a decrease in left-hemisphere activity and an increase in right hemisphere activity during hypnosis

Answer 4

1. Conditional: condition/illness is temporary (cold, flu) 2. Unconditionally legitimate: condition/illness is incurable (cancer, autism) 3. Illegitimate role: condition/illness that is stigmatized by others (HIV, AIDS, mental illness, lung cancer, STIs)

Answer 5

Occurs when the means of sustenance are not enough to support the population resulting in population reduction through actual or predicted famine

Answer 6

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UR) Think of this reponse like a reflex. It is not a learned reaction, but a bioloigcal one Ex: The presentation of food is the unconditioned stimulus and the salivation is the unconditioned response

Answer 7

Dominant religious organization that includes most members of society Recognized as the national or official religion People do not choose to participate but are born into the social institution Sweden

Answer 8

coded by the frequency of action potentials

Answer 9

Assumed Problem: Learned maladaptive behaviors Therapy Goals: Extinguish maladaptive behaviors and learn adaptive ones Methods and Examples: Systematic desensitization, flooding, aversion therapy

Answer 10

Or symbolic culture, consits of the intangible aspects of a culture such as values and beliefs; these concepts and ideas shape who we are and make us different from members of other societies

Answer 11

Learning something again

Answer 12

Includes our expressive behaviors that accompany the emotion Ex: violence, aggression, smiling, running away

Answer 13

Freud believed that the Superego, internalized morals and values, developed in male children as a result of castration anxiety. Freud theorized that morality developed in young males out of a fear of their father’s disapproval and the resulting anxiety that their father would castrate them as punishment; to avoid this, the boy attempts to become more like his father, and to identify with him rather than to pursue his mother as a sexual object. Freud did not theorize about social learning; this was Albert Bandura’s theory describing the manner in which children could learn through observation. The Electra complex was never created or referred to specifically by Freud; it was created by others to address the gender imbalance in his theories, which did not specifically address how girls developed. Freud did not believe that young children developed feelings of guilt until after the development of the Superego.

Answer 14

Abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep

Answer 15

Picking the correct answer out of several options

Answer 16

This theory encompasses a variety of perspectives on the different experiences and treatment of men vs women Cn be macro or micro

Answer 17

Considers the degree to which a person's reaction in a given situation is due to their personality (trait) or is due to the situation itself

Answer 18

Porposed two types of intelligence: fluid intelligence( ability to "think on your feet" and solve novel problems) and crystallized intelligence (the ability to recall and apply already learned information)

Answer 19

This technique involves gaining compliance by gaining personal approval from an individual first

Answer 20

- Monotheistic - 0.35% - One god and the teachings of the ten gurus

Answer 21

A political system in which citizens periodically choose officials to run their government

Answer 22

A socially defined set of relationships between at least two individuals related by birth, marriage, adoption, or some other agreed upon relationship Three important functions 1. child rearing 2, identity formation 3. cultural transmission

Answer 23

A: INability to encode new memories R: An inability to recall new information that was previously encoded

Answer 24

1. Insomnia: inability to fall or remain asleep; a persistent problem that can stem from chronic stress, most common 2. Narcolepsy: Periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods; episodes usually last less than 5 minutes but can be extremely dangerous 3. Sleep apnea; intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in awakening after a minute or so without air; this process can repeat hundreds of times a night, and can deprive sufferers of deep sleep

Answer 25

This occurs when the presence of others improves our performance; this tends to occur with simple, well ingrained tasks

Answer 26

Explains when principles of the fast food industry dominate other sectors of American society, which is also known as the chain mentality

Answer 27

Posited the idea of the looking glass self, which is the idea that a person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perception of others

Answer 28

Acute Stress: Increased BP and heart rate, increased respiration rate, muscle tension, decreased digestion, sleep disturbances Chronic Stress: Chronic high blood pressure (which can lead to heart disease), damage to muscle tissue, inhibition of growth, suppression of the immune and reproductive systems, mental health issues

Answer 29

Working memory consists of four departments 1. phonological loop: allows us to repeat verbal info to help us remember 2. visuospatial sketchpad 3. episodic buffer: theorized to integrate information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad with a sense of time and to interface with long term memory stores.

Answer 30

We feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible or when attitudes and behaviors don't match. When this occurs, we may feel like hypocrites or feel confused as to where we stand. In order to reduce this unpleasant feeling of tension, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we've done

Answer 31

Process by which religion loses its social significance in modern societies

Answer 32

Describes the illusion of movement that is created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession

Answer 33

Starts with a information from our sensory receptors and builds up to a final product in our brain; this type of processing assumes that we start with the details and end up with a final representation in our mind

Answer 34

Implicit refers to conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do something while Explicit involves being able to declare or voice what is known

Answer 35

Physical capital: money property, land, other assets Cultural Capital: non financial characteristics evaluated by society Social Capital: who you know, social networks

Answer 36

Experiment concludes there is no difference between groups

Answer 37

Information that has already been learned interferes with the ability to learn new information

Answer 38

An institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies

Answer 39

Our belief in our abilities, competence, and effectiveness; high self-efficacy means that we believe we can affect a situation or outcome while low self-efficacy means that we do not believe we can affect a situation or outcome (self-efficacy varies from task to task)

Answer 40

Channels that are open and all the time and that simly allow ions to leak across the membrane according to their gradient.

Answer 41

A representative from one family controls the gov't and power is passed on through that family from generation to generation Constitutional Monarchy: There is a figure head but someone else controls the government; British Monarchy Absolute Monarchy: Queen or King controls the state; Saudi Arabia

Answer 42

the unintended, unforeseen consequences of an institution Latent function: Classism, socialization, increase income disparity, increase debt, provide jobs

Answer 43

Direct motor response to sensory input which occurs without conscious thought. A sneosry neuron transmits an action potential to a synapse with a motor neuron inthe spinal cord which causes an action to occur

Answer 44

Reticular Activating System in the brain

Answer 45

1. Role playing: when we are in situations with defined roles, we are more likely to adjust our attitude to align with the behavior 2. Public declarations: declaring something publicly can influence our attitude to align with our declaration - as we continue to express ourselves, we become more entrenched in what we say, a habit that is even stronger for statements made publicy - Justification of effort: we have a tendency to attribute a greater value to an outcome that we had to put more effort into achieving when we engage in a behavior that requires some degree of effort we are more likely to shift our attitudes to align with the behavior

Answer 46

The general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while not as dominating as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. Terms such as intelligent, honest, shy, and anxious are considered central traits

Answer 47

The process by which one input is attended to and the rest are tuned out. Necessaryy because we do not have the capacity to pay attention to everything in our environment

Answer 48

Ability to learn from experience and adapt to the env't One general intelligence "g" Multiple types of intelligences: Social intelligence (the ability to manage and understand people) and Emotional Intelligence (ability to monitor and discriminate emotions in order to guide thinking and action) Two Types of Intelligence: 1. Fluid intelligence (reason quickly, abstractly) 2. Crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge and verbal skills Two mindsets regarding intelligence: 1. Fixed: belief that intelligence and abilities are static 2. Growth: belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort

Answer 49

Unifying traditions, doctrine, practice, and spirituality

Answer 50

The extent to which the findings can be generalized to the real world low external validity: drawing conclusion that can only be applicable in the lab and not in real world practice

Answer 51

Anything that poses a threat or challenge to our physical or mental well being

Answer 52

similar to bipolar disorder but the moods are less extreme with symptoms not meeting criteria for either a manic or a major depressive episode Cyclic moods including many hypomaniac episodes for at least two years

Answer 53

Large Standard Deviation

Answer 54

- Considered one of the fathers of modern sociology - Pioneered modern social research and est sociology as separate from psychology and political philosophy - Major proponent of functionalism - Asserted that modern societies are quite complex and require many different types of people working together to make the society function - Individual is significant only in terms of their status, position in patterns of social relations, and associated behaviors - Individual is significant only in terms of his/her contribution to society

Answer 55

- Higher social mobility - More dependent on effort - Social status based on individual merit

Answer 56

Views society as a competition for limited resources. In society, individuals and groups compete for social, political, and material resources - Macro level theory of society - May be too narrow only focusing on conflict

Answer 57

- Theta waves present - Waves intermixed with two patterns: K complexes and sleep spindles K complex has a duration of a half second and is large and slow. These occur as a single wave amongst the theta waves Sleep spindles are bursts of waves. They have a frequency of 12-14 Hz and are moderately intense. Do not last long: only a half to one and a half seconds No eye movement an EMG measures moderate activity Increased relaxation in the body: decreased heart rate, respiration temperature

Answer 58

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 persons in a population Below 10- considered low Above 20- considered high

Answer 59

Members motivated by a common cause or belief Greenpeace, church, NPO

Answer 60

Groups that lives differently from but not opposed to the dominant culture

Answer 61

1. Somnambulism: sleep walking, tends to occur during slow wave sleep (Stage 3) usually during the first third of the night. Many children experience sleep walking and eventually grow out of it (can last from 30 secs to 30 minutes) 2. Night Terrors; usually occur during Stage 3 earlier in the night (unlike nightmares, which occur during REM sleep toward morning). A person experiencing this may sit up or walk around, babble, and appear terrified, although none of this is recalled the next morning

Answer 62

Responsible for defining and treating illness (physical and mental) among members of a society. A society's medical establishment should promote health, the total well being of its people

Answer 63

Extinction is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced. An exitinction burst is the initial increase in the frequency and magnitude of the behavior prior to the gradual decrease and extinction of the behavior. Theis is especially likely to occur when the reinforcement is removed abruptly

Answer 64

Examples of social conditions include: availability of food supplies, drug use, access to quality education, unemployment

Answer 65

- Psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, asserts that personality is shaped largely by the unconscious - Freud suggested that human behavior is motivated by 1. the libido (life instinct) which drives behaviors focused on pleasure, survival, and avoidance of pain 2. death instinct which drives behaviors fueled by the unconscious desure to die, or hurt oneself or others

Answer 66

is the conscious or unconscious process whereby people attempt to manage their own images by influencing the perceptions of others People construct images of themselves and want others to see them in certain lights Talking oneself up and showing off flashy status symbols to demonstrate a desired image

Answer 67

dropping out of study

Answer 68

Characterized by formalism traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance sacral symbolism and performance

Answer 69

Tendency of ambiguous images to pop back and forth unstably between alternative interpretations in our brain

Answer 70

Renovation of urban areas in a process of urbal renewal Often specific to the introduction of wealthier residents to the cities who then help to restore the existing infrastructure which alters the regions demographics and economics

Answer 71

Also known as the principle of linguistic relativity, this hypothesis suggests that language strongly influences thought; the words we use and how we use them define and limit our cognitive abilities

Answer 72

Many partners

Answer 73

The opposite of generalization, and occurs when the conditioned stimulus is differentiated from other stimuli; thus, the conditioned response only occurs for conditioned stimuli. If the dogs do not salivate at the sound of a buzzer or a horn, they have differentiated those stimuli from the sound of a bell

Answer 74

- First voluntary movement performed by a child - Occur in very predictable stages (birth-age 2) - Include: rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, walking - Primarily dictated by genetics

Answer 75

Proposed that society is shaped by war and conquest Cultural and ethnic conflicts lead to certain groups becoming dominant over other groups

Answer 76

Psychological Dependence; occurs when a drug becomes central to a person's thoughts, emotions, and activities. It can be demonstrated by a strong urge to use the drug, despite being aware of its harmful effects. While not all drugs are considered capable of leading to physical dependence, it is possible for any drug to lead to psychological dependence Physical dependence to a drug can be demonstrated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not consumed. That is, the person depends on the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms and to function normally. Physical dependence on a drug often follows heavy daily use over several weeks or longer

Answer 77

- Polytheistic religion - 14% - Major deities: Shiva and Vishnu - belief in reincarnation or rebirth after death

Answer 78

Function that assigns a probability of falling within a given range on the x axis

Answer 79

When we believe that bad things happen to other people, but not to ourselves You need to sign up for health insurance but you keep putting it off because you know you are young and healthy You think I have little risk of catastrophic injury

Answer 80

- Popular theorist - Push factors: those things that are unattractive about an area and push people to leave; they are often economic, political, or religious in form (active oppression of social groups, prejudice, discrimination, natural disasters, destructive violence) - Pull factors: those things that are attractive about an area and "pull" poeple there; positive opportunities for economic, political, or religious freedom and success Interaction between push and pull factors contributes to the rate of migration

Answer 81

When we attribute our own actions to the situation Ex: You have been waiting 20 minutes to see the doctor, and get angry with the receptionist for having to wait You think "I have a legitimate reason to be angry"

Answer 82

The ability for someone to obtain existing resources across the US (whether or not healthcare resources can be obtained by someone who needs these resources) Not having health insurance might affect accessibility Other factors: distance to clinic, translators in hospital, home bound unable to get to doctor

Answer 83

Second response to modern societies in which there is strong attachment to religious beliefs and practices

Answer 84

Integration of visual and auditory information; visual and auditory reflexes; wakefulness and consciousness; coordinates information on posture and muscle tone

Answer 85

- One of the founders of social psychology - Founded the symbolic interactionism school of thought - Said that the self is developed through three social activities: language, play, and games - Cames up with three sense of self 1. The generalized other is an organized and generalized attitude of a social group- collective meaning a society has (beauty standards of society) 2. Me is the social self, gained through interaction with others, the internalized attitude of others (your internalized view "I don't fit society standards. I am ugly because I don't fit." 3. I is the response to the "me" or the person's individuality ("It's ok that I don't look like society's standard's.") - Thinking is the internalized dialogue between the "I" and "me" Not born with a me, it's developed and gained through interaction with others to understand it

Answer 86

A political system under which the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizens' lives

Answer 87

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Answer 88

Explains that certain parts of the brain are activated for specific visual stimuli Feature detector neurons only respond to specific features of a visual stimulus such as its shape, angle, or motion. The visual cortex passes sensory information to the part of the brain responsible for the perception of that object Visual perception results from the interaction of numerous specialized neural systems, each of which performs a specific simple task

Answer 89

- For at least one week, a person has experienced an abnormal euphoric unrestrained or irritable mood - Increase in goal-directed activity with increased energy and productivity -

Answer 90

Spotlight is a beam that can shine anywhere within an individual's visual field. It is important to note that this beam describes the movement of attention, not the movement of the eyes

Answer 91

- Caused primarily by abnormally low dopamine levels - Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements - Dopamine is involved in the sending of messages to areas of the brain that control coordination and movement - Dopamine levels progressively drop in patients with the disease, so their symptoms gradually become more severe - Abnormal aggregates of protein called Lewy bodies develop inside neurons

Answer 92

Our evaluation, on a scale from positive to negative, of other people, events, etc; attitudes are formed from our past and present experiences, are measurable and mutable, and have an important impact on our behaviors and emotions 3 components: affect, behavior, cognition

Answer 93

Self-affirmation is most useful when it allows individuals to preserve their sense of self-worth after receiving information that is a threat to self-integrity. Getting dumped because a significant other has to move away does not threaten one’s self-integrity because the significant other ended the relationship due to external circumstances, not due to anything specific to the individual; therefore, this would be the least likely situation to benefit from self-affirmation (choice D is correct). Receiving threatening health information regarding your health habits does threaten self-integrity, so self-affirmation would be helpful in this scenario (choice A is wrong). Recognizing the others hold a stereotype about you also threatens self-integrity, so self-affirmation would be helpful (choice B is wrong). Rejection by a significant other because he/she tells you that you are annoying also threatens self-integrity, so self-affirmation would be helpful (choice C is wrong).

Answer 94

A process in which the solution to a problem suddenly comes to us in what might be described as a "flash of insight"

Answer 95

Binocular Cue The brain compares the images projected onto the two retinas in order to perceive distance; the greater the difference between the two images, the shorter the distance

Answer 96

- PKU is an inherited disorder, resulting from a genetic mutation that renders the body unable to break down the amino acid phenylalanine - Left untreated in infants, it can result in physical, intellectual, and social disabilities, seizures, and other severe medical problems - If treated, those with the genetic mutation causing PKU are completely normal - Good example of a genetic condition that can have a significant impact on inidividual under certain environmental conditiona nd no impact under different environmental conditions

Answer 97

Not only do language and thought overlap, but cognition and perception are determined by the language one speaks

Answer 98

Occurs when the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are no longer paired, so the conditioned response eventually stop occurring. After the dogs have been conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, if the sound is presented to the dogs over and over wihtout being paired with the food, then after some period of timethe dogs will eventually stop salivating at the sound of the bell

Answer 99

The study of how individuals and groups participate in the construction of society and social reality. Social construction is a dynamic, ongoing process, which must be maintained, reaffirmed, and passed along to future generations

Answer 100

- Collective behavior - AKa a craze in which something 1. ) experiences a rapid and dramatic incline in reputations 2. ) remains popular among a large population for a brief period 3. ) experiences a rapid and dramatic decline in reputation Driven through peer pressure and social media OFten fades

Answer 101

Anything that will increase the likelihood of the behavior happening again

Answer 102

Infacy: Trust vs mistrust Early Childhood (1-3): Autonomy vs Shame Preschool age (3-5): Initiative vs Guilt School age (5-12): Industry vs Inferiority Adolescence (12-18): Identity vs Role confusion Young Adulthood (18-40): Intimacy vs Isolation MIddle Adulthood (40-65): Generativity vs Stagnation Later life (65+): integrity vs Despair

Answer 103

- Sad, empty, and/or irritiable mood - Not related to normal grief

Answer 104

Occurs after an organism has become habituated to the stimulus, then the stimulus is removed. The person is no longer accustomed to the stimulus. If the stimulus is presented again, the person will react to it as if it was a new stimulus

Answer 105

A theory that suggests that individuals assign rewards (benefits) and punishments (costs) to interactions and prefer those with the greatest personal benefit Behavior (Profits) = Rewards of the interaction - Costs of the interaction Deal with individual interaction -\> micro level theory

Answer 106

rods and cones synapse on bipolar cell. both types release glutamate onto bipolar cells inhibiting them from firing. Upon hyperpolarization, photoreceptors stop releasing glutamate so bipolar cell depolarizes and then ganglion cell depolarizes and action potential send along ganglion cell to make up optic nerve

Answer 107

Proposes a method for quantifying a person's ability to detect a given stimulus amidst other, non -important stimuli (termed noise)

Answer 108

Starts with a larger concept or idea and works down to the details; this type of processing assumes that we start with an idea about the final representation, and work down to the sensory details in our mind

Answer 109

Strong genetic component (twin concordance is high) Many environmental factors thought to play a role: pesticides, plastics, metals, air pollution, drugs taken by mother while pregnant -Early diagnosis and treatment intervention has been demonstrated to significantly improve behavioral deficits for children with ASD; the earlier the better

Answer 110

Refers to the extent of influence of religion in a person's life

Answer 111

Characteristics: Involve delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech; may involve negative symptoms Specific Disorders: Delusional Disorder, Brief Psychotic Disorder, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Schizoaffective DIsorder

Answer 112

12+ yrs Erogenous: sexual interests mature Adult fixation: frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships

Answer 113

A process in which learning occurs through the observation of another's behavior

Answer 114

People tend to perform simple well learned tasks better when other people are present. Only holds true for simple or practiced tasks

Answer 115

- Monotheistic - God formed a covenant with Abraham and Sarah - Ten commandments followed --\> believe God would bring paradise to Earth 0. 22%

Answer 116

Occurs in short term memory in the rehearsal buffer when new (often related) information is substituted for the actual information

Answer 117

Explains the fact that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations; social problems and conflicts are cuased by this lag

Answer 118

instincts drives: urges originating from a physiological discomfort (hunger) needs: basic biological needs and also higher level needs (love and belonging) arousal

Answer 119

The reward pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connect to the nucleus accumbens (pleasure center) Dopamine is released in response to rewarding stimuli and mediates the effects of reinforcement Natural rewards such as primary reinforcers activate this pathway and lead to dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens Many addictive drugs stimulate the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and thus reinforce drug use

Answer 120

Personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors (nature and nurture) Albert Bandura - THis personality theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes - The behavioral component includes patterns of behavior learned through clalssical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning - The cognitive component includes the mental process-es involved in observational learning as well as conscious cognitive processes such as self-efficacy beliefs (beliefs about one's own abilities) - The environmental component includes situational influences such as opportunities, rewards, and punishments

Answer 121

Social support provides better health and wellness benefits Healthier people are better able to manage stress

Answer 122

Emphasizes the effect of one's social class, employment status, neighborhood, exposure to environmental toxins, diet, and many other factors - Takes into consideration the psychological, social, and cultural factors that influence health - Postulates that social pressures can create the conditions for health and illness

Answer 123

Social norms for the situation are absent or unclear More short lived and less conventional values influence the group's behavior and guidelines for membership Examples do not reflect the existing social structure but are spontaneous situations in which individuals engage in actions that are otherwise unacceptable and violate social norms There is a loss of the individual and independent moral judgment in exchange for a sense of the group

Answer 124

Abnormalities in the amount quality or timing of sleep

Answer 125

Voltage gated sodium channels inactivate very quickly. Voltage gated potassium channels open more slowly and stay open longer in response to depolarization.

Answer 126

Range of complex neurodevelopmental disordrs, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior -Experts estimate 1/88 children age 8 will have an ASD, males 4x more likely

Answer 127

- Lower social mobility - Less dependent on effort - Social status defined by birth - Ex: slavery, HIndu caste system

Answer 128

1. Immersion in social speech. 2. Egocentric speech where children begin talking to themselvess experimenting with language 3. Inner speech a child's understanding of grammar and the relationshp between words and objects is sufficiently advanced to allow him to think words without mouthing them

Answer 129

Exposure to stressful stimuli (alarm) --\> Our physiology tries to cope with the stressor (resistance) --\> physiological break down (exhaustion)

Answer 130

Physiological (or bodily) component of emotion includes our physiological, arousal, or an excitation of our body's internal state. Examples: sweating, increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate Sympathetic Stress response: epinephrine and norepinephrine Epinephrine: peptide hormone (tyrosine)

Answer 131

Occurs when stimuli other than the original conditioned stimulus eilicits the conditioned response

Answer 132

Neurotransmitter opens a channel that depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (excitatory) Making the postsynaptic membrane potential more negative than the resting potential or hyperpolarized.(inhibitory)

Answer 133

Physical cues: how someone looks influences our impression of them Salience: we tend to focus on the most obvious cues and ignore or downplay less obvious ones Social categorization: age, race, gender we form our impressions base don the social roles and norms for these categorizations Other biases: Halo effect (our overall impression of someone impacts our assumptions about that person's character)

Answer 134

Unpredictable, large scale events that include natural disasters and wartime events and affect many people

Answer 135

Individual learns how to get away from an aversive stimulus by engagin in a particular behavior Ex: child does not want to eat her vegetables so she throws a temper tantrum

Answer 136

AKA planned economies - Economic decisions are based on a plan of production and the means of production are often public (state owned) - Socialism and Communism

Answer 137

power prestige property

Answer 138

Number of percentage of people diagnosed with a disease or condition during the time window specified

Answer 139

Expressed by all humans across as cultures

Answer 140

Group action that attempts to promote, resist, or undo a social change (Feminist movement, social hygiene, mental hygiene)

Answer 141

Short term is strongly correlated with hippocampus and is where new information sought to be rememered temporarily resides and is then encoded to long term memory or forgotten Working memory which is strongly correlated with the prefrontal cortex is a storage bin to hold memories that are needed at a particular moment in order to process information or solve a problem (area of a triangle for math class)

Answer 142

A graphical plot tht demonstrates the hit rate vs the false alarm rate to graphicallhy demonstrate a reciever's accuracy

Answer 143

According to Marx, it's a lack of such awareness. This occurs when members of a subordinate class see themselves as individuals instead of as an exploited group

Answer 144

Karl Marx defined class consciousness as a social condition in which members of a subordinate social class are actively aware of themselves as a group who is being exploited by the wealthy

Answer 145

RIght: THe sick person is exempt from normal social roles Right: The sick person is not responsible for their condition Obligation: The sick person should try to get well Obligation: The sick person should seek treatment and cooperate with the meidcal professional

Answer 146

A unified system of beliefs and practices shared by a group of believers pertaining to the supernatural and to norms about the right way to behave; sociologists treat religion as a social rather than supernatural phenomenon

Answer 147

Serves as the conductor of the orchestra of our emotional experiences

Answer 148

The physical separation of groups into different areas/neighborhoods; groups are typically separated along the lines of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, etc.

Answer 149

1. Brings attention to problems 2, New breakthroughs 3. Better research

Answer 150

Members motivated by some incentive or reward Members get paid for their efforts Corporation

Answer 151

Pointed out flaws with Skinner's model; Chomsky suggested that we all possess an innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during the sensitive developmental years in early childhood (universal grammar).

Answer 152

All of the potential people a study is trying to understand. A value taken from a population is called a population parameter

Answer 153

provides reinforcement after an inconistent period of time

Answer 154

Occurs when multiple interdependent parts in a society work together toward societal stability -Healthy societies would be able to achieve this equilibrium

Answer 155

_Assumed Problem:_ Maladaptive Behaviors and/or self-defeating thoughts _Therapy Goals:_ Extinction of undesired thoughts/behaviors, learning adaptive thoughts/behaviors, healthier thinking and self-talk _Methods and Examples:_ Reconditioning, desensitization

Answer 156

Misidentifying the origins of our knowledge

Answer 157

The minimum difference between two stimuli we can detect 50% of the time

Answer 158

The beliefs and ideas we have about ourselves; used to guide and organize the processing of information that is relevant to ourselves These play into our self-concept

Answer 159

Occasional vegetarian (personal identity which consists of all of the personal attributes that one finds important to their own identity) Socially defined attributes include: age, religion, mental illness

Answer 160

Children learn to combine the fundamental movements and apply them to specific tasks 1. Transitional stage:Combination of movements occur 2. Application substage: conscious decisions to apply these skills to specific types of activity

Answer 161

Number of new cases of a disease or condition that began during the time window specified per number of individuals in a population

Answer 162

Family, school, peers, workplace, religion/government, and mass media/technology

Answer 163

THe interaction between a person's behaviors (conscious actions), personal factors, and environment 1. People choose their env't which shapes them (alma mater) 2. Personality shapes how people interpret and respond to their job env't (ppl prone to depression are more likely to view their job as pointless) 3. Person's personality influences the situation to which she then reacts (If you call customer service furiously you are more likely to get a defensive response on the phone)

Answer 164

Feral children are those deprived of social processes due to neglect or abandonment (choice D is correct). These children are raised without human interaction, which results in terrible consequences; thus, studies of feral children have contributed to much of our understanding of the importance of socialization. Emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse would require human contact, and while it is possible for these forms of abuse to have occurred prior to their being abandoned, the question does not provide details to support this assumption (choices A, B, and C are wrong).

Answer 165

Uses conditioning to shape a client's behavior in teh desired direction. Using the ABC model, therapist performs a functional assessment to determine the antecedents (A) and consequences (C) of the behavior (B).. THerapy then proceeds by changing antecedents and consequences using the least aversive means possible

Answer 166

Cultural representations of reality

Answer 167

Start with a larger concept or idea and works down to the details; this type of processing assumes that we start with an idea about the final representation (which is influenced by our knowledge, experiences, and expectations), and work down to the sensory details in our mind Oh this cup says "I hate mondays" it must be my coffee cup

Answer 168

Concept that describes the social condition in which individuals are not provided with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidance or social ethic State of normlessness Emile Durkheim used for explanation of difference in suicide rates between Catholics and Protestants Anomie is characteristic of societies in which social cohesion is less pronounced and individualism predominates

Answer 169

When observing emotional responses in others, research suggests the same areas of our brain are activated (while viewing the disgus of others, we activate a region of our brain, the insula, that is normally activated while we experience disgust ourselves) Also thought to be critical in our experience of empathy

Answer 170

Occurs when we rely on immediate examples that come to mind when trying to make a decision or judgment. When you overestimate the probability and likelihood of something happening because you can think of examples of it happening, you've committed this error

Answer 171

Language is a human ability prewired into the brain so the hodl that certain ideas and capabilities cannot come from experience and must be innate

Answer 172

Discriminate based on race or hold that one race is inferior to another

Answer 173

Conducted a series of experiments called the "strange situation experiments" where mothers would leave their infants in an unfamiliar environment to see how the infacts would react These studies suggested that attachment styles vary among infants:

Answer 174

In response to its head being turned, baby will stretch out its arm on the same side and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow Reflex lasts about 6 to 7 months

Answer 175

- Second largest religion - Monotheistic - Prophets, afterlife, judgement day - 20-25%

Answer 176

A system that features a marked-based economy coupled with an extensive social welfare system that includes free health care and education for all citizens

Answer 177

All somatic motor neurons innervate sksletal muscle cells and use ACh They have a long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor toward the soma which is located just outside the CNS in a dorsal root ganglion which is within the vertebral column but outside the meninges

Answer 178

Attempts to predict how and whensomeone will detect the presence of a sensory stimulus amidst all of the other sensory stimuli in the back ground 4 possible outcomes: - hit (signal present and detected) - miss (signal present but not detected) - false alarm (signal no present but thought it was) - correct rejection (signal not present and the person did not think it was)

Answer 179

A person alternates among two or more distinct personality states only one of which interacts with other people at a given time Condition may be experienced as a "possession by another personality or identity as it involves amnesia"

Answer 180

Controlled by a single person or a selective small group with absolute decision making power Include dictatorships (those ruled by one person) and fascist gov'ts

Answer 181

The rewarding of successive approximation; most organisms don't automatically perform the exact desired behavior, so providing reinforcements (or punishments) for intermediate behaviors can eventually lead to the final desired behavior

Answer 182

Contains two members Often more intense and intimate than in larger groups active communication from both to be stable

Answer 183

Emphasizes our tendency to organize informaiton into a meaningful whole; in terms of perception, our mind tends to influence what we perceive in predictable ways 1. law of Proximity 2. law of similarity 3. law of continuity 4. law of connectedness 5. law of closure

Answer 184

Occurs when a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented Ex: child notices mom cooking vegetables so fakes an illness

Answer 185

Dynamic, ongoing process by which an individual internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of their society and learns to function as a member of the society. Socialization helps to explain how social constructs are maintained, reaffirmed, and passed along to future generations

Answer 186

When you conclude that the treatment and control groups are sampled from different populations

Answer 187

A political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government; China

Answer 188

One assigned to you by society regardless of your effort Involuntarily or by birth Race and gender

Answer 189

oversimplified ideas about groups of people based on characteristics (race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability)

Answer 190

Obsessions (thoughts or urges) and/or Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Body DYsmorphic Disorder - Hoarding Disorder - Trichotillomania (Hair pulling Disorder)

Answer 191

Specific type of halo effect People tend to rate attractive individuals more favorably for personality traits and characteristics than they do those who are less attractice

Answer 192

Assimilation: process in which individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture A + B + C --\> A Amalgamation occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group A + B + C --\> D

Answer 193

Occurs within a group of people when the desire for harmony or conformity results in members attempting to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints; this may lead to irrational or dysfunctional decision making

Answer 194

is the annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population as opposed to specifically women of childbearing age

Answer 195

A process in which learning is occurring but is not immediately obvious; later, when needed, the learning demonstrates itself

Answer 196

Initiated research into the bystander effect. On March 13, 1964 Genovese 28 was attacked and stabbed to death. Although neighbors heard her screams and a few even saw part of the attack, most did nothing in response

Answer 197

An observer sees the behavior being performed by another person. Later, with the model in mind, the observer imitates the behavior she or he observed

Answer 198

A multimodal technique to measure physiological processes during sleep. PSG includes electroencephalogram (EEG) which measure of electrical impulses in the brain, Electromyogram (EMG) measure of skeletal muscle movements, electrooculogram (EOG) measure of eye movement

Answer 199

Also known as self-presentation, this is the conscious or unconscious process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing the perceptions of others

Answer 200

Consists of the concrete, visible parts of a culture such as food, clothing, cars. weapons, and buildings

Answer 201

Enhances survival by prompting quick decisions Promotes group cohesion and solidarity Helps in decision making on a daily basis

Answer 202

Repression, denial, reaction formation (expressing the opposite of what one really feels), projection, displacement, rationalization, regression, sublimation (channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art)

Answer 203

Have been identiifed in various parts of the human brain including the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, primary somatosensory cortex, and the inferior parietal cortex

Answer 204

Retaining information in short-term or long-term memory (stage 2)

Answer 205

A decrease in the proportion of the population living in rural ares and an increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas

Answer 206

The perception or reality that one is cared for and is a member of a supportive social network. support can be emotional, tangible, informational, or companionable

Answer 207

Pumps 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell with hydrolysis of one ATP molecule. The result is a sodium gradient with high K inside the cell

Answer 208

Presynaptic neuron fires action potential so rapidly that the excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory ones pile up on top of each other. The ESPs will pile on top of each other but ISPs will hypoerpolarize moving further and further away fromthreshold

Answer 209

Small Standard Deviation

Answer 210

will not explore their surroundings while their mother is present; when the mother leaves they will cry loudly and remain upset or will demonstrate indifference to her departure and return 1. Ambivalen attachment: Toddler cries loudly but remains upset even after return. may be inconsolable. Toddler may cling to the mother and hit her or push away from her 2. Avoidant attachment: Toddler demonstrates seeming indifference to mother's departure and return While behavioral signs indicate indifference, physiological data show that the toddler is in fact experiencing stress

Answer 211

Our belief in whether or not we can influence the events that impact us; an internal locus of control means that we believe we have control over these events while an external locus of control means that we do not believe we have control

Answer 212

A violation of society's standards of conduct or expectations Deviant behavior often violates social norms, both formal and informal. Deviants reject the goals of a society, or the accepted means of obtaining these goals or both

Answer 213

Occurs when you face conflicting expectations for a single role

Answer 214

- Impaired social development - Impaired communication - repetitive behavior

Answer 215

Acute: Sympathetic Stress Response, Increased BP, heart rate breathing, epi and NE, adaptive Chronic: Decreased immune function, inflammation, cardiac dysfunction, cortisol, maladaptive

Answer 216

- Occurs from age 2 to age 7 - Child is learning to manipulate body through actions such as running, jumping, catching - Highly influenced by environment - Movements may start out as uncoordinated but become more refined and efficient

Answer 217

**Proximity characteristics** are not a key element of persuasion. The three key elements to persuasion are: (1) the message characteristics, including the features of the message itself, such as the logic and key points in the argument, the length of the argument, and its grammatical complexity; (2) the source characteristics, including the characteristics of the person or venue delivering the message, such as expertise, knowledge, and trustworthiness; and (3) the target characteristics, including the characteristics of the person receiving the message, such as self-esteem, intelligence, mood, and other personal factors.

Answer 218

Theory asserts that people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation Central theme is that human life is lived in the symbolic domain Micro level theory meaning that it focuses on everyday social interactions between individuals

Answer 219

1. Distinctiveness: the extent to which the individual behaves in the same way in similar situations Ask: Is X's behavior in this situation different from X's behavior in other situations? High: Yes,X does not behave like this in most other situations Low: No, X does not behave like this in most other situations 2. Consensus: the extent to which the individual is behaving similarly to other individuals Ask: Is X's behavior similar to everyone else's behavior High: most other people are behaving like this Low: no one else is behaving like this 3. Consistency: the extent to which the individual's behavior is similar every time the situation occurs Ask: does X usually behave like this when the situation occurs

Answer 220

In response to the sole of the foot being stroked, the baby's big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toe fans out

Answer 221

Predicts that we are less likely to help a victim when other people are present (we assume- and everyone else assumes- that someone else will help, so no one ends up doing anything) Everyone feels a diffusion of responsibility

Answer 222

A person's feelings and behaviors are seen as reactions not to actual events, but to the person's thoughts about those events. Each person thus lives by self-created, subjective beliefs about themself and the world and these beliefs color the person's interpretations of events. Many of these beliefs are formed during childhood and are often unconscious. Goal of therapy is to help the client become aware of these and substitute rational or accurate beliefs and thoughts, which will lead to more functional feelings and behaviors

Answer 223

1. Social influences are reduced: - attitudes are more internal while behaviors are more external and therefore more suscpetible to social influences 2. general patterns of behavior, not specific behaviors are observed our attitudes are better at predicting overall decision making rather than specific behaviors.

Answer 224

When we attribute our own successes to ourselves, but our failures to others You get an awesome score on the psych but awful score on the physical science section of the MCAT for psych you think its because you worked hard but for physics you say the teacher didn't teach me anything

Answer 225

1. Law of proximity: suggests that things that are near each other seem to be grouped together. Nearby objects tend to be perceived as a unit or group 2. Law of similarity suggests that things that are similar tend to appear grouped together 3. The law of continuity suggests that points we perceive the smooth continuous lines and forms rather than disadjoined one. we are more likely to see two overlapped circles with the middle colored in than two black semicircular lines and a red football 4. Law of closure: we will perceive things as complete a logical entity because our brains will fill in the gaps in the information 5. Gestalt law of common faith predicts that objects moving in the same direction or moving in synchony are perceived as a unit 6. Law of connectedness predicts that things that are joined or linked are perceived as connected

Answer 226

The study of the intersections between various systems of oppression or discrimination; this theory suggests that various sociological concepts (like race, class, sexual orientation, etc.) interact on multiple (and often simultaneous) levels, contributing to systematic injusitce and social inequality

Answer 227

New information that has been learned makes it more difficult to retrieve older information

Answer 228

Semantic memory is memory for factual information (capital of england) while episodic is autobiographical memory for information of personal importance such as the situation surrounding a first kiss

Answer 229

is the number of offspring that must be produced in order to replace people who have died in a given population

Answer 230

Provides reinforcement after unpredictable number of behaviors Best for maintaining learned behavior

Answer 231

Behaviors that actually have no impact on the reinforcement/punishment but have been associated with receiving the reinforcement or avoiding the punishment anyway

Answer 232

Deviance is the result of experienced strain either individual or structural. Modern societies have shared perceptions of the ideal life. Anomie is the state in which there is a mismatch between the common social goals and the structural or institutionalized means of obtaining these goals. There is pressure to use deviant methods to prevent failure

Answer 233

Population is the result of available resources for sustenance sucha s farmland The possible rate of population increase exceeds the possible rate of resource increase The rules of nature make it impossible for populationto increase unchecked without serious distress due to insufficient resources Positive checks: raise the death rate (disease, hunger, war) Preventative: lower the birth rate, like abstinence, birth control

Answer 234

The probability that given a sample statistic (usually the mean), the corresponding population parameter falls within a certain range of the sample mean

Answer 235

depend on information that is available to either eye alone and are important for judging distances of objects that are far from us since the retinal disparity is only slight Retinal size: if objects are assumes to be same size, the one that casts the smaller image on retina appears more distant Interposition: If one object blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer Relative Clarity: We perceive hazy objects as being more distant than sharp, clear objects Texture gradient: Change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture indicates increasing distance Relative height: We perceive objects that are higher in visual field as as farther away Relative motion: stable objects appear to move as well Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge as distance increases Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge as distance increases Light and shadwo: closer objects reflect more light than distant objects

Answer 236

A theory that suggests that individuals make decisions by comparing the costs and benefits of various courses of action; we try to maximize benefits and reduce costs -Individuals must anticipate the outcomes of alternative courses of action and calculate the outcome that will be best for them. Rational individuals choose the alternative that is likely to give them the greatest satisfaction

Answer 237

Occurs when we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds. Our prototype is what we think is th emost relative or typical example of a particular event or object

Answer 238

Religious organization that is distinct from that of the larger society May withdraw from society to practice their belief and be fairly exclusive Mormon and Ammish Communities

Answer 239

How we process information; it includes receiving and transforming information, storing information, recalling information, and all of the thoughts and processes that are involved with language, thinking, problem solving, decision making, etc

Answer 240

Personality is a result of traits, which are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that are relatively stable over time

Answer 241

used to try and predict large complex systems such as the overall behavior of a population

Answer 242

Mortality: death rate in a population Morbidity: The nature and extent of disease in a population

Answer 243

- Society as a whole - Looks at large scale social structures and how these affect groups/individuals - Premise: Positions within these social structures (roles, institutions) determine human behavior Ex: How does the healthcare system contribute to inequality in society? Lower socioeconomic neighborhoods have less hospitals

Answer 244

Put forth a theory on multiple intelligences, which breaks intelligence down into 8 different modalities: logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, intrapersonal, interpersonal

Answer 245

protein bound to one molecule and contains one molecule of retinal which is derived from Vitamin A. In the dark, when rods and cones are resting, retinal has several trans bonds and one cis double bond. In this conformation, retinal and opsin keep sodium channel open so cell is depolarized. Upon absorbing photon, retinal converted to all trans form which closes sodium channel and cell hyperpolarizes

Answer 246

Predicts that there is no difference between the treatment group and the placebo. This means that both samples were taken from the same population and any differences between the two can be attributed to chance.

Answer 247

- Hierarchical structure - Division of labor - Written Rules and expectations - Officials hired and promoted based on technical competence/expertise - Neutrality/impersonality

Answer 248

Stimulus -\> Physiological response -\> emotion

Answer 249

Teachers tend to quickly form expectations of individual students and once they have formed these expectations, they tend to act toward the student with these expectations in mind

Answer 250

Sad, empty and or irritable mood Not related to normal grief Specific Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder

Answer 251

The IPSPs from all of the synapses and EPSPs are summed in a given moment and the total can cause the membrane to reach the threshold voltage

Answer 252

Consists of all the personal attributes that you consider integral to the description of who you are

Answer 253

When attempting to identify an object we first identify its outline, which then allows us to figure out what the object is. Only after the whole emerges do we start to identify the parts that make up the whole Dog first then the parts of the dog come to attention

Answer 254

Involves moving up or down in social stratification

Answer 255

Somatic: portion concerned with conscious sensation and deliberate voluntary movement of skeletal muscle Autonomic: concerned with digestion, metabolism, circulation, perspiration, other involuntary processes Both include afferent and efferent Autonomic has efferent subdivision (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Answer 256

Olfactory: detect chemicals and allow us to smell things Gustatory: taste buds

Answer 257

HIgh: Values competence and order, manages time well, strives to achieve Low: disorganized, may not value status, can be irresponsible

Answer 258

O: CNS S: PNS Both form myelin

Answer 259

1. Openness to Experience 2 Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

Answer 260

Chemical signals that cause a social response in members of the same species; important means of communicating information

Answer 261

Norms that are less important but shape everyday behavior Ex: style of dress, ways of greeting

Answer 262

Many female partners

Answer 263

-Thought of the brain as a processing system with a limited capacity and sought to map out the steps that went into creating memories from raw sensory data. Developed the Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention: inputs from the env't first enter a sensory buffer. One input is selected and filtered based on physical characteristics of the input. The filter is designed to keep us from becoming overloaded and overwhelmed with information. Other senosry info stays in the buffer but then quickly decays

Answer 264

The power of their persuasion

Answer 265

In response to the soles of a baby's feet touching a flat surface, they will attempt to walk disappears at around six weeks and reappears at around 8-12 months

Answer 266

Gender identity is very fluid among young children, but gender identity is believed to form between ages 3 and 6 Studies suggest that children develop gender identity in three distinct stages 1. as toddlers and preschoolers, they learn about defined characteristics, which are socialized aspects of gender 2. Around age 5-7 gender identity becomes rigid, in a process known as consolidation 3. After this "peak of rigidity" fluidity returns and socially defined gender roles relax somewhat after age 7

Answer 267

Ex: LSD, marijuana, THC Mechanism: Distorts perception in the absence of sensory input Effects: Hallucinations (lights, colors, etc); impaired judgment; slowed reaction time

Answer 268

Translational changes in DNA sequence that are not triggered by altering DNA sequence - Caused by the organisms's environment or development - Result in phenotypic differences - May be heritable chemical and physical modification to the genome that change the way that it is expressed but not the underlying genetic code

Answer 269

Many male partners

Answer 270

- Age - Gender - Race - Ethnicity - Sexual orientation - Immigration status

Answer 271

1. New information or discoveries regarding conditions (Obesity) 2. Changing social attitudes or economic considerations (ADHD) 3. The development of new medications or treatments (Viagra)

Answer 272

States that all forms of organization, regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies thus making democracy practically and theoretically impossible, especially in large groups and complex organizations

Answer 273

- Personality traits are hierarchical with a few basic traits giving rise to a large array of more superficial traits - Genetically determined differences in physiological functioning determines personality traits - Variations in extraversion and neuroticism gives rise to various types of personality which helps explain behavior - Temperament and heritability studies provide empirical evidence for a genetic contribution to personality

Answer 274

The introduction of an exogenous or outside gene or knockout gene to alter genotype while controlling for environment

Answer 275

Occurs when w seek evidence to support our conclusions or ideas more than we seek evidence that will refute them; this also occurs when we interpret neutral or ambiguous evidence as supporting our beliefs

Answer 276

A social construct that exists along a continuum with the heterosexual and homosexual

Answer 277

Our perceptual tendency to separate the figure or object from everything else (the background) based on a number of possible variables like size shadow contrast color. Everything that is not figure is ground

Answer 278

All cultures have systems of health beliefs to explan what causes illness, how it can be cured or treated, and who should be involved in that process - Influence how people believe they became ill - Play a major role in compliance - May influence whether an individual is willing to admit to certain symptoms or seek treatment for an issue - Determine who can make medicine decisions - Trust with the edical system

Answer 279

1. the acquisition of information 2. application of criteria

Answer 280

Defined by the number of offspring the organism has, how it supports its offspring, and how its offpsring support others in a group That an organism can improve its overall genetic success through altruistic social behaviors

Answer 281

provides reinforcement after a set number of behaviors best for learning new behavior

Answer 282

- Impaired social interaction: avoiding eye contact with other people, difficulty interpreting what others are thinking of feeling, may lack empathy - Repetitive movements such as rocking and twirling, or self-abusive behavior such as biting or head-banging - Inability to play interactively with other children

Answer 283

anything that will decrease the likelihood of the behavior happening again Positive: application or pairing of an undesirable stimulus with the behavior (adding 20 push ups to bad behavior) Negative: Removal of a desirable stimulus after the behavior has occurred (child breaks window whle playing basketball inside and loses TV privileges)

Answer 284

When you conclude that the treatment and control groups are sampled from the same population

Answer 285

L: brings on hunger V: depresses hunger

Answer 286

Believe that all discussion of "ideas" linguistic expression and the like is a set of convenient metaphors for real physcial changes in the brain and actions of the body. Only grey matter matters and study thoughts and words by looking at what happens in the brain when people think, speak, write, and listen

Answer 287

When something is learned the synapses between neurons are strenghtened and the process of long term potentiation begins. LTP occurs when following brief periods of stimulation, an increase in the synaptic strength between two neurons leads to stronger electrochemical responses to a given stimuli Neurons develop an increased sensitivity so the sending neuron needs less prompting to fire its impulse and release its neurotransmitter

Answer 288

When trying to retrieve information, we start the search from one node. Then we do not "choose" where to go next, but rather that activated node spreads its activation to other nodes around it to an extent related to the strength of association between that node and each other. Explains why hints are helpful

Answer 289

Frequency of sound is distinguished by which regions of the basilar membrane vibrate, stimulating different auditory neurons Low frequency sounds stimulate hair cells at the apex of the cochlear duct farthest away from oval window while high pitched sounds stimulate hair cells at the base of the cochlea near the oval window

Answer 290

When the motivation for compliance is desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection. People conform because they want to be liked and accepted by others

Answer 291

The mind and self emerge through the social process of communicating with others. He believed there was a specfic path to development: Prepatory stage:Children merely imitate others as they have no concept of how others see things Play stage: children take on the roles of others through playing (playing house) Game stage: Children learn to consider multiple roles simultaneously Child develops an understanding of the generalized other the common behavioral expectations of general society

Answer 292

Also known as your self-identity, self-construction, or self-perspectice. your self- concept includes all of your beliefs about who you are as an individual Ex: female, African-American, student, smart, funny, future doctor

Answer 293

made up of three semicircular canals: the utricle, the saccule, and the ampullae All are essentially tubes filled with endolymph like the cochlea, they contain hair cells that detect motion But function is to detect rotational acceleration of the head; they are innervated by afferent neurons which send balance info to the pons, cerebellum, and others

Answer 294

the social contacts that can benefit an individual in some way. In other words, when who you know can help you get what you want. A young woman who asks her father to leverage his social contact to help her prepare to apply to medical school is utilizing her social capital to obtain something she wants—medical school admittance.

Answer 295

guide neuronal development; regulate synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter levels

Answer 296

Beginning in adolescence and progressing through adulthood

Answer 297

people who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity

Answer 298

The number of years from birth an individual is expected to live, on average

Answer 299

Melatonin released by pineal gland, body temperature, serum cortisol levels

Answer 300

Occurs when two or more statuses are held by and individual and there is conflict between the expectations for each status

Answer 301

A system under which resources and means of production are privately owned but closely monitored and regulated by the government

Answer 302

Occurs when the organism demonstrates increased responsiveness to the stimulus (sort of the opposite of habituation) Ex: Standing at a rock concert near the speakers. Over time, instead of getting used to it, the sound becomes even more painful

Answer 303

Focuses too much on conflict and does not recognize the role of stability within society. It ignores the nonforceful ways in which people and groups reach agreement. It approaches society more from the perspective of those who lack power and focues on economic factors almost exclusively as the sole issue for conflict within society

Answer 304

provides signals to the internal organs during a calm resting state when no crisis is present. When activated, it leads to changes that allow for recovery and the conservation of energy including an increase in digestion and the repair of body tissues

Answer 305

Somehow innately satisfying or desirable. These we do not need to learn or see as reinforcers because they are integral to our survival. Ex: food because it is required for survival Avoiding pain and danger

Answer 306

Concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry)

Answer 307

People understand their world through language and that language in turn shapes how we experience our world

Answer 308

Occurs when groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members that is the average view of a member of the group is accentuated Not when a group becomes more divided on an issue

Answer 309

ALso known as the biological clock, circadian rhythms control the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 24 hour cycle

Answer 310

Brain structure that controls the physiological aspects of emotion such as sweating and a racing heart. It also communicates with the prefrontal cortex, located at the front of the cortex

Answer 311

A theory that suggests reality is not inherent but socially constructed People actively shape their reality through social interactions Major focus of social constructionists is the study of how individuals and groups participate in the construction of society and social reality Can be micro and macro

Answer 312

In situations where there is a high degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility, we may lose their sense of restraint and their individual identity in exchange for identifying with a mob mentality

Answer 313

Mary Ainsworth was a developmental psychologist popular for the "strange situation experiments" that tested the emotional attachment of infants. This series of experiments involved the separation of children and mothers to determine the infant's response. Depending on the response during separation and after reunification, the infants were said to be securely attached or insecurely attached (choices C and D can be eliminated). Secure attachment involved some distress during separation, but the infant was consoled through contact with his or her mother. Insecure attachment involved more notable distress (such as loud crying), or indifference, and the infant remained upset, or indifferent, upon the return of his or her mother. There were also differences between these infants prior to the separation: securely attached infants explored more than insecurely attached infants, who sometimes clung to their mothers. This was thought to suggest that secure attachment is the result of infants having sensitive and responsive mothers and insecure attachment is the result of infants having insensitive and unresponsive mothers. The second type of mothers were said to be inconsistent in securing the needs of their children and to sometimes even ignore their children. The passage states that 90 percent of abusive parents themselves had abusive parents, which suggests the possibility of insecure attachment in infancy (choice A is wrong and choice B is correct).

Answer 314

People can be selectively primed to observe something, either by encountering it frequently or by having an expectation. If one is primed to observe something, one is more likely to notice it when it occurs

Answer 315

First identified this basic form of learning and demonstrated it in children with his Bobo doll experiments: - Young children were able to observe an adult model either acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll (experimental group) or not interacting at all with a Bobo doll (treatment group) - The children were then "frustrated" in some way (the experimenter first told them they could play with a bunch of interesting toys, then told them they no longer could) - The children were then placed back in the room with the Bobo doll and many of the children from the experimental group demonstrated similar aggression towards the Bobo doll

Answer 316

A social network is a web of social relationships including those in which a person is directly linked to others as well as those inwhich people are indirectly connected through others

Answer 317

Characteristics: Endurng (often lifetime) pattern of socially deviant feelings and behaviors, pattern is inflexible and occurs across a range of settings and relationships, begins in adolescence or early adulthood, not diagnosed in children, categorized in 3 clusters Specific Disorders: Ten Personality Disorders Cluster A: (odd/eccentric): Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders Cluster B: (dramatic/erratic): Antisocial, Borderline HIstrionic and Narcissistic Personality Disorders Cluster C: (Anxious/fearful) Avoidant, dependent, and OCD

Answer 318

Image on retina which detects light and conerts stimuli into action potential to send to brain Light enters the eye by passing through cornea where light is bent or refracted sclera choroid retina anterior chamber with aqueous humor iris + opening called pupil posterior chamber wi more humor lens

Answer 319

High: tends to think of others; goes with the flow Low: high-maintenance, manipulative, likely to hold strong opinions

Answer 320

The minimum stimulus intensity required to activate a sensory receptor 50% of the time

Answer 321

1. Avoidance: involves avoiding both circumstances that remind one of the trauma and emotions associated with the trauma 2. Hyperarousal: heightened sensitivity and hypervigilance to surroundings due to fear of danger 3. Re-experiencing are responses to triggers related to the traumatic event such as flash backs and nightmares

Answer 322

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus. It is the same as the unconditioned response but now it occurs without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 323

In response to touching or stroking the baby's cheeks baby will turn head in direction of the stroke and open its mouth to root for a nipple

Answer 324

marriage within one's class

Answer 325

the driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways

Answer 326

Located in the posterior section of the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere of the brain; involved in the comprehension of speech and written language. Wernicke's Area: Do not have a problem producing speech but are incapable or producing intelligible meaningful language

Answer 327

Individual's EEG changes shows alpha waves (low amplitude, high frequency) 8-12 Hz Indicator that a person is ready to drift off to sleep

Answer 328

Characteristics: Exposure to traumatic or stressful event; Exhibit any of a wide range of symptoms Specific Disorders; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress DIsorder, Adjustments Disorder

Answer 329

Everyday irritations in life

Answer 330

While hard to define, essentially encompasses our thoughts, feelings, ways of thinking about beliefs and behavior

Answer 331

Predicts that the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system

Answer 332

A system under which resources and means of production are owned by the society as a whole, private property rights are limited, the good of the whole society outweighs individuals profit, and the government controls the economy - Good produced for direct use - Private property is limited and government intervenes to share property amongst all - Driving force is everyone is given a job and provided with what they need to survive

Answer 333

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 334

Erogenous zones (tasks) mouth (sucking, chewing, eating, biting, vocalizing); Adult fixation: (orally aggressive verbally abusive), (orally passive smoking, overeating)

Answer 335

Movement (upward or downward) between social stratifications. Mobility can be intragenerational, within the same generation, or intergenerational, between one or more generations

Answer 336

Any group that one identifies with and compares themselves to; they may or may not actually be a member of this group (Doctors)

Answer 337

Proposed a theory of general intelligence in the mid 1800s. Believed intelligence had a strong biological basis and could be quanitfied by testing certain cognitive tasks

Answer 338

1. Sensorimotor: birth -2; babies and young infants experience the world through their senses and movement such as looking, touching, mouthing. Object permanence, stranger anxiety 2. Preoperational Stage; 2-7 Children learn that things can be represented through symbols such as words and images. This accompanies their learning during pretend play and development of language but they still lack logical reasoning. Egocentric, do not understand other persspectices 3. Concrete operational stage: 7-11; children learn to think logically; understand volume 4. Formal operational stage: 12- adulthood; abstract and moral reasoning

Answer 339

- A practice in which an individual induces a mode of consciousness for some purpose - Studies suggest that meditation is an effective means of stress reduction - One study found that meditation appears to increase activity in the left frontal lobe (area more active in optimistic people) - Meditation also linked to improve concentration, lower BP, and better immune function - Lower frequency alpha and theta waves

Answer 340

Major or mild Neurocognitive Disorders due to Alzheimer's Disease of Parkinson's Disease Delirius

Answer 341

Occurs when the organism becomes accustomed to the stimulus

Answer 342

Suggests that deviance is the result of society's response to a person rather than something inherent in the person's actions Behavior become deviant. The use of negative labels can have serious consequences both for our perception of the deviant person and the person's self perception Individuals might internalize labels and redefine their concept of the self which can lead to self fulfilling prophecy Individuals then might exhibit more deviant behavior to fulfill he expectation

Answer 343

Prior activation of these nodes and associations Ex: if you are shown several red items and asked to name a fruit. You will be more likely to name a red fruit

Answer 344

Depth cues that depend on information received from both eyes and are most important for perceiving death when objects are close to us in our visual field

Answer 345

The personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply travel to another type of life - Information overload - Language barriers - Technology or skill gaps

Answer 346

Lacks stability and no altruism

Answer 347

A system in wihch targeted behaviors are reinforced with tokens (secondary reinforcers) and are later exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers)

Answer 348

Group is a number of people (as few as two) who identify and interact; an aggregate includes people who exist in the same space, but do not identify or interact; a category shares certain characteristics, but does not regularly interact

Answer 349

Na+ eq potential is positive approx. 50 mV. Na+ ions are driven inward by their conc gradient. However if the interior of the cell is too positive, the ions will be repelled K+ has neg eq potential. K+ are driven outward by their gradient but if the interior of the cell is too neg the pos charged ions cannot escap the attraction

Answer 350

Occurs when we have structured a problem in our mind a certain way, even if that way is ineffective, and then are unable to restructure if; you are then unable to see the problem from a fresh perspective

Answer 351

Stems from the theory of symbolic interactionism and posits that we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with others; we base our presentations on cultural values, norms, and expectations, with the ultimate goal of presenting an acceptable self to others Font stage; impressions back stage: ourselves

Answer 352

Scientific study of measuring psychological traits through tests

Answer 353

Members have been forced to join Ecclesia, military draft, prison

Answer 354

data collected all at once- a snapshot

Answer 355

1. It covers a fixed area of activity 2. Hierarchy 3. Workers have specialized area of expertise 4. Organizational rank is impersonal and advancement depends on qualification 5. Workers follow procedures to increase predictability and effiiciency

Answer 356

The three predictors for aggressive behavior are biochemical, genetic, and neural. The passage provides some discussion of the causes of child abuse in the final paragraph. Item I is true: The passage states that substance abuse is correlated with child abuse and reported in around 70 percent of cases (choice C can be eliminated). Alcohol, for example, can lower aggression inhibition. Item II is true: The passage also suggests that some children who are abused proceed to abuse their own children (90 percent of abusive parents reported experiencing abuse themselves). Furthermore, identical twin studies support the idea of some genetic predisposition toward aggressiveness; this might also be the case with the aggression that drives child abuse (choice B can be eliminated). However, social influences are also expected here; the fact that those who are abused often experience life-long consequences such as mental health issues (this is true for almost 80 percent of abused children), suggests that the cause might be social rather than biological; the experience of being abused might cause health problems that then lead to aggression. For example, those with borderline PD have difficulties controlling their impulses. This is often coupled with anger and other emotions that can be damaging to relationships. The human brain otherwise has mechanisms to inhibit aggression (areas in the frontal lobe help with this). Item III is true: The use of substances is a biochemical factor that alters the neural control of aggression (choice A can be eliminated and choice D is correct).

Answer 357

occurs when working in a group; each person in the group has a tendency to exert less individual effort than if they were working independently

Answer 358

linked personality to brain systems involved with reward, punishment, and motivation Personality is linked to the level of activity of certain neurotransmitters Low dopamine activity correlates with higher impulsivity and novelty seeking, low norepinephrine activity correlates with higher approval seeking and reward dependence and low serotonin activity correlates with risk avoidance

Answer 359

Stems from humanist perspective active listening (repeating info back to patients)

Answer 360

complete or near-complete lack of contact with others in society

Answer 361

Theorizes that individuals who are ill have certain rights and responsibilities in society; if an individual cannot fulfill the same duties as a person in good health can, society allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior

Answer 362

High Inter-quartile range

Answer 363

Reinforcement (pleasurable consequences) and punishment (unpleasant consequences) are employed to mold behavioral responses

Answer 364

is defined as a women’s ability to give birth to children

Answer 365

- Some degree of social mobility - Social status determined by birth and individual merit

Answer 366

When an extinct conditioned response occurs again when the conditioend stimulus is presented after some time Ex: if the behavior of salivating to the sound of the bell becomes extinct in a dog, and it is then presented to the dog again after some amount of lapsed time and the dog salivates, the conditioned response was spontaneously recovered

Answer 367

A formal process whereby knowledge, skills, and values are systematically transmitted from one individual or group to another

Answer 368

The lowest level of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

Answer 369

Characteristics: Bridge between Psychotic and Depressive Disorders, Involves episodes and oscillations (cycles) Specific Disorders: Bipolar 1 Disorder (manic-depressive; mania) and Bipolar 2 Disorder (hypomania) Cyclothymic Disorder (cycling between hypomania and minor depression) Manic = grandiosity, impulsive, irritability, uninhibited thought patterns, delusions of persecution

Answer 370

Controlled by a single person, or a selective small group who inherited their leadership role like kings and queens

Answer 371

An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions

Answer 372

The "I" is the aspect of the self that allows individuals to evaluate the other part of the self that is the "Me" Although it is possible to reflect on the "Me" it is not possible to directly reflect on the "I" since the "I" is the part of the self that is doing the reflecting

Answer 373

Humans born with the highest number of neurons at any point in their life. However, not many neural networks or codified routes for information processing (types that are generated in response to learning and experience throughout a lifetime) Rapid growth in frontal lobe occurs in ages 3 to 6

Answer 374

The idea that individuals are reduced to their environments instead of considering people as independent and rational. Fails to consider individual characteristics and experiences

Answer 375

_Assumed Problem:_ Unconscious forces and childhood experiences _Therapy Goals:_ Reduce anxiety through insight _Methods and Examples:_ Analysis and interpretation of dreams for ex.

Answer 376

Remembering without a hint or clue

Answer 377

controls some autonomic functions and coordinates movement; it palys a role in balance and antigravity posture

Answer 378

A neuron will not fire another action potential no matter how strong a membrane depolarization is induced.

Answer 379

Prejudice involves preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people based on their group membership (gender, social class, age, disability, religion) Prejudice is a belief and not a behavior Although prejudice may lead to discrimination, discrimination is a biased treatment of an individual based on group membership

Answer 380

cases of a disease or condition per number of individuals in a population

Answer 381

Degree of variation from the mean

Answer 382

Excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms Commonly encountered in primary care Ex: Somatic Symptom Disorder, Illness Anxiety Disorder, COnversion Disorder, Factitious DIsorder

Answer 383

- Modern founder of sociology - Theory forms foundation for Conflict Theory - Societies progress through class struggle between those who control production and those who provide labor power - Societies progress through class struggle between those who control production and those who provide the manpower for production - Capitalism produces internal tensions which will ultimately destroy capitalist society to be replaced by socialism

Answer 384

Regulate body movement and muscle tone; coordination of learned movement patterns; general pattern of rhythm movements

Answer 385

- Behaviorists who argue that language is just another example of conditioned behavior - They believe that study of psychology should focus on directly observable environmental factors as opposed to abstract mental states

Answer 386

1. External noise 2. Internal noise

Answer 387

The process of international integration due to the exchange of viewpoints, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture around the world Factors that promote this: Internet, transportation, technology

Answer 388

The widening disparity between children from high income neighborhoods and those from low income neighborhoods - schools in low income neighborhoods receive less taxes so they're less funded --\> Teacher turnover is higher - Children more likely to drop out of school --\> perpetuating the cycle of poverty - parents in wealthier neighborhoods have the time and resources to be more involved -

Answer 389

- Physiologial component includes our physiological arousal or an excitation of our body's internal state - Behavioral component of emotion includes our expressive behavior that accompany the emotion - Cognitive component of emotion includes our appraisal and interpretation of the situation

Answer 390

Is an originally neutral stimulus (bell) that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) until it can produce the conditioned reponse (salivation) without the unconditioned stimulus (food)

Answer 391

Alertness (being awake) Sleeo

Answer 392

Tried to account for the cocktail party effect. Treisman believed that rather than a filter, the mind has an attenuator, which works like a volume knob- it "turns down" the unattended sensory input, rather than eliminating it

Answer 393

Since the 1980s, focused on areas of concern left unauthorized by first- and second-wave feminists who were mostly white, middle class heterosexual, and American or European

Answer 394

repeated data collection from a group of people over time

Answer 395

According to the passage, symbolic interactionists believe that “an environmental or social situation triggers a generalized physiological stimulation, and that the emotion appropriate to the individual’s interpretation is then produced.” The Schachter-Singer theory is a cognitive theory of emotion in which emotion is labeled once an individual experiences physiological arousal, and then tries to find meaning behind the arousal through the interpretation of his or her experience (choice A is correct). The James-Lange theory suggests that physiological and behavioral responses to a given situation determine emotions (choice B is wrong). The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that physiological arousal and emotions occur simultaneously (choice C is wrong). Attribution theory refers to individuals attempting to explain the causes behind the behaviors of others and is not a theory about emotion (choice D is wrong).

Answer 396

A measure of variability from the mean

Answer 397

Infants are trained in language by oeprant conditioning. Language use is a form of behavior like anoy other and so it is as subject to conditioning as a rat pulling a lever to receive a food pellet

Answer 398

Occurs when we rely on immediate examples that come to mind when trying to make a decision or judgment When you overestimate the probability and likelihood of something happening because you can think of examples of it happening, you've committed this error

Answer 399

Fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced \*Sub-replacement fertility indicates that the birth rate is less than the death rate

Answer 400

Consider social customs in economic decisions -Bartering and trading

Answer 401

Movement based on these principles that advocates for population control in order to reduce the negative effects of population strain such as environmental effects

Answer 402

Located in the dominant hemisphere (usually left) of the frontal lobe of the brain; involved in the complicated process of speech production Broca's Aphasia: People know what they want to say but are unable to communicate it

Answer 403

This technique involves asking for a small request first and then a much larger request next

Answer 404

We have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing tasks, both modality specific resources and general resources. If the resources required to perform multiple tasks simultaneously exceeds the available resources to do so, then the tasks cannot be accomplished at the same time.

Answer 405

Experiments demonstrated latent learning in animals by placing three different groups of rats in mazes and observing their behavior - Group 1 always found food at the end of the maze; these rats quickly learned to rush to the end of the maze - Group 2 rats never found food; these rats wandered in the maze but did not preferentially go to the end - Group 3 rats found no food for 10 days, but then received food on the eleventh; these rats acted the same as the Group 2 rats until food was introduced on Day 11, then they quickly learned to run to the end of the maze and did as well as the Group 1 rats by the next day

Answer 406

Has at least one episode of forgetting some important personal information creating gaps in memory that are usually related to severe stress or trauma Amnesia is localized meaning that everything that happened during a particular time period is forgotten, but it can also be selective, generalized, continuous, or systematized Begin and ends with full recovery of memory

Answer 407

How we process information; in includes receiving and transforming information, storing information, recalling information, and all of the thoughts and processes that are involved with language, thinking, problem solving, decision making

Answer 408

Assumed Problem: Barriers to self understanding and self acceptance Therapy Goals: Personal growth through self insight Methods and Examples: Active listening and unconditional positive regard

Answer 409

1. the group is overly optimistic and strongly believes in its stance 2. group justifies its own decisions while demonizing those of opponents 3. Dissenting opinions, information, and/or facts are prevented from permeating the group (mindguarding) 4. Individuals feel pressured to conform and censor their own opinions in favor of consensus which creates an illusion of group unanimity

Answer 410

- Considered founder of modern sociology; Refined Marx's assertions about conflict in society - Disagreed with Marx: A capitalist system does lead to conflict, but the collapse of capitalism is not inevitable - There could be more than one source of conflict (not just with those who control production) such as conflict over inequalities in political power and social status - Suggested that several factors can moderate people's reaction to inequality such as agreement with authority figures, high rates of social mobility, and low rates of class difference

Answer 411

A loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact

Answer 412

Founder of the humanistic psychology perspective Said personality is composed of the ideal self and the real self Ideal self is constructed out of your life experiencees, societal expectations, and the things you admire about role models; the person you ought to be Real self is the person you actually are

Answer 413

1: Sympathetic nervous system releases the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) into the bloodstream from the adrenal glands. This results in an increased heart and respiratory rate, directs blood flow toward skeletal muscles rather than digestive system, releases sugar into bloodstream, and dulls pain; fast-acting 2. Cognitive System: initiated by hypothalamus. Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone a messenger that stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone which signals the adrenal glands to release cortisol into the bloodstream. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid a hormone that shifts the body from using sugar (glucose) as an energy source towards using fat as an energy source. This keep blood sugar levels high during stress ituations because the only energy source of the brain can use is glucose thus ensuring that the brain willl have enough fuel to stay active. Slower process triggered during long term stress

Answer 414

Children at preschool age experience Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt stage as their main conflict, and the preschool stage is characterized by exploration (choice B is correct). Trust vs. mistrust occurs during the infancy stage, which is characterized by feeding (choice A is wrong). Autonomy vs. shame and doubt occurs in the early childhood stage, which is characterized by toilet training (choice C is wrong). Intimacy vs. isolation occurs in the young adulthood stage, which is characterized by relationships (choice D is wrong)

Answer 415

Adds something desirable to increase likelihood of behavior happening again; examples: - candy for completing homework - money for completing chores

Answer 416

presence of resources across the US (whether or not healthcare resources even exist for someone who needs these resources)

Answer 417

This occurs when you yield to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure

Answer 418

1-3 yrs Erogenous zones: Anus (bowel and bladder control) Adult Fixation: Anal retentive: overly neat/tidy Anal expulsive: disorganized

Answer 419

The principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture

Answer 420

The awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the env't Is important for reflection and directs our attention Always needed to complete novel and complex tasks, however we may complete practiced and simple tasks with little conscious awareness

Answer 421

Feminist practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, specifically from advocating for the political, economic, and social rights of women based on the belief in women's political, economic, and social equality to men

Answer 422

1. The id: largely unconscious and responsible for our drives to avoid pain and seek pleasure 2. The ego: responsible for our logical thinking and planning 3. The superego: responsible for our moral judgments of right and wrong and strives for perfection

Answer 423

Suggests that certain groups (low SES and minorities) tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionately high

Answer 424

Refers to unjust and discriminatory practices employed by large organizations that have been codified into operating procedures, processes, or institutional objecties Ex: Policy of the U.S. Military which frowned upon openly gay men and women serving in the armed forces

Answer 425

Macro-level theory of society, which means that it focuses on the elements that shape society as a whole

Answer 426

Given a sample of a specified size from a given population, we can plot the distribution of means for every possible sample of this size

Answer 427

Disruptions and/or discontinuities Abnormal integration of consciousness identity emotion etc Ex: Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Answer 428

1. Informational influence: most common ideas to emerge are the ones that favor the dominant viewpoint. This serves to persuade others to take a stronger stance toward this viewpoint 2. Normative influence: social desirability, wanting to be accepted or admired by others

Answer 429

Hostile: accompanied by strong emotions, behavior is impulsive, unplanned, uncontrollable and goal is to harm the other person Instrumental: behavior is goal oriented, planned, controlled, and the goal is to harm the person to obtain something else 3 factors: environmental factors, biological, and cultural

Answer 430

In response to stroking the baby's palm, the baby's hand will grasp Lasts a few months

Answer 431

Allow society to remain integrated because individuals have common beliefs that lead to each person having the same fundamental experience Collective conscience

Answer 432

Can be defined as the group of people who share a culture and live/interact with each other within a definable area

Answer 433

- Manifest early in development (early-onset), usually before grade school - Appear as deficits - Generally difficult to treat - Characterized by intellectual disability and communication disorders - Specific Diagnosis: Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder - Unknown causes - Affects 2-4% of school aged children Motor restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractability, impulsivity -Actually use stimulants to treat

Answer 434

WHen competing material makes it more difficult to encode or retrieve information

Answer 435

Involves asking for a large request first, then a much smaller request

Answer 436

1. Functionalism 2. Conflict Theory 3. Symbolic Interactionism 4. Social Constructionism

Answer 437

Groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members Not that they become more divided on an issue but that they adopt the more extreme version than they initially shared

Answer 438

we assume others have the same beliefs we do

Answer 439

Occurs when the organism demonstrates a diminished response to the stimulus Ex: after a really loud rock concert, the sound of an ambulance may sound abrasive. But the next morning when you hear it again it might not be as bad

Answer 440

The final paragraph states that borderline personality disorder is one of the long-term consequences of the sexual abuse of children. Borderline PD is a cluster B disorder. The other disorders in this cluster are antisocial PD, histrionic PD, and narcissistic PD (choices A, C, and D are in the same cluster and can be eliminated). Dependent PD is categorized as a cluster C disorder (choice B is the correct answer).

Answer 441

when group members in a study are similar

Answer 442

group that you compare yoursel to

Answer 443

A theory that views society as a complex system composed of many individual parts working together to maintain solidarity and social stability - Compares society to a living organism. Like an organism composed of various cells, tissues, organs, various elements in a society (individuals, families, communities, groups, orgs) also work together in society

Answer 444

a mental bias that limits our perspective for how an object can be used based on how that object is traditionally used

Answer 445

Relays information between other areas of the brain and regulates vital autonomic functions such as blood pressure and digestive functions

Answer 446

Chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (Vitamin B-1) Most commonly caused by alcohol misuse, but can also be associated wtih AIDS, chronic infections, poor nutrition, and certain other conditions

Answer 447

A: information coming into one ear- listen to this one U: Ignore input to the other ear

Answer 448

Catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles

Answer 449

Ex: Alcohol, Barbiturates, Opiates Mechanism: Depresses CNS (esp fight or flight) Effects: Impaired motor control; eventual addiction, overdoses can lead to death

Answer 450

Culturally derived social objects that have shared meanings which are created and maintained through social interaction Through language and communication, symbols provide the means by which reality is constructed

Answer 451

The active consciousness that allows us to focus awareness on some stimuli v others. Subcategories include selective attention and divided attention Models of attention generally include the resource mdoel, spotlight model, filter model, and attenuation model Resource model views attention as a limited source that can become spread too thin Spotlight model views attention as a focal point that can shift

Answer 452

Legal rules and regulations are stipulated in a document like the Constitution. Many corporations including health care organizations work within this structure and are often organized in a similar way

Answer 453

may arise from deviant behavior but it may also result from circumstances over which an individual has no control. A social stigma is the extreme disapproval of a person on socially characteristic grounds that distinguish them from other members of a society

Answer 454

G: released by the stomach and pancreas, heightens the sensation of hunger L: hormone released by white adipose tissue reduces hunger

Answer 455

Extended Freud's ideas in two important ways - Including social and interpersonal factors - Extending the stages through adulthood

Answer 456

Diagnostic label that refers to the collective delusion of some threat that spreads through emotion and escalates until it spirals out of control

Answer 457

starts with information from our sensory receptors anad builds up to a final product in our brain; this type of processing assumes that we start with the details and end with a final representation in our mind Ex: Looking at a cup: "It's a cyliner, white, it says "I hate mondays" it has black fluid in it oh its coffee

Answer 458

The number of years from birth an individual is expected to live, on average

Answer 459

Argues that a deviance is a learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities. The process of learning the techniques of deviant behaviors as well as motives and values that rationalize these behaviors. Source of exposure: individual's closest personal groups

Answer 460

A system under which resources and means of production are privately owned, citizens are encouraged to seek profit for themselves, and success of failure of an enterprise is determined by free-market competition - Good/services are produced for a profit - Driving force is the pursuit of personal profit - Benefits the consumer by allowing for competition which promotes higher quality and lower price of goods and services - Emphasize personal freedom by limiting government restrictions and regulations

Answer 461

Experiment concludes there is a difference between groups

Answer 462

A field in which variation among individuals is separated into genetic versus environmental components

Answer 463

Transfer of sensory memory into our memory system. May involve the coding/processing of information to be stored (Step 1)

Answer 464

High: Embraces new ideas, likes unique, original experiences, values difference in people Low: Traditional, prefers familiarity over novelty, conservative

Answer 465

Opposes the dominant culture Ex: Black panthers, KKK, 1960s hippies

Answer 466

Refers to the thoughts, attitudes, feelings someone holds about a group that are not based on actual experience

Answer 467

When presenting dogs with food (unconditioned stimulus), they begin salivating (unconditioned response) When presenting the dogs with food along with the sound of the bell (neutral stimulus) they still salivate in response to the food Over time when only the bell (conditioned stimulus) is presented, the dogs will begin salivating (conditioned response) even without the presence of food

Answer 468

short term relationship

Answer 469

Decrease heart rate and increase GI activity; part of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 470

Include personal events or occurrences that have a major impact on our lives; these can be either positive (e.g. marriage or birth) or negative (e.g. divorce, death) but still may cause some degree of stress due to the major change

Answer 471

Losing a conditioned behavior

Answer 472

externalization Compliant behavior is motivated by the desire to seek reward or to avoid punishment. Compliance is easily extinguished if rewards or punishments are removed. Identification behavior is motivated by the desire to be like another person or group. Internalized behavior is motivated by values and beliefs that have been integrated into one’s own value system. Someone who has internalized a value is less likely to behave in ways that do not reflect this value. This is the most enduring motivation of the three.

Answer 473

Provides the body with brief, intense vigorous responses. Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar levels. DIrects the adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 474

It explains how we understand our own behavior and the behavior of others. Given a set of circumstances, we tend to attribute behavior to: - Internal causes, also known as dispositional attribution - or external causes, also known as situational attribution

Answer 475

Tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures, rather than looking at individual characteristics Ex: Overall impression of your neighbor is he is nice so you make the assumption that he must be a good dad

Answer 476

Everything that is made, learned, and/or shared by the members of a society including: beliefs, behaviors, values, and material objects

Answer 477

1. Modality: type of stimulus that is being detected; modality is communicated based on the type of receptor that is firing 2. Location: communicated by the receptive field of the stimulus 3. Intensity: how strong the stimulus is; intensity is encoded by the ratte of firing of action potentials 4. Duration: how long the stimulus is present

Answer 478

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is distinguished from other stimuli and is the only thing to elicit the conditioned response

Answer 479

In the 1960s and 1970s, focused on women's liberation: gender equality, sexual rights, reproductive rights, and resisting patriarchal culture

Answer 480

Respond to mechanical disturbances - Pacinian corpuscles: pressure sensors located deep in the skin - Auditory hair cell: specialized cell found in the cochlea of the inner ear; detects vibrations caused by sound waves - vestibular hair cells: detect acceleration and position relative to gravity

Answer 481

A large group of people with a common purpose; these tend to be more complex, impersonal, and hierarchically structured than networks

Answer 482

Number of percentage of people who have been diagnosed with a disease or condition at any point during their lives

Answer 483

Remembering with the aid of a hint of clue

Answer 484

- Cognition is centrally affected - Specific or general cognitive decline - Deficits in cognitive function range from major to mild Characterized by: - cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains, such as complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition - Symptoms may interfere significantly with a person's everyday independence in a Major Neurocognitive Disorder, but not with a Mild Neurocognitive DIsorder

Answer 485

Religious organization that is far outside society's norms and often involves a very different lifestyle Often gets bad reputation Branch Davidians and Heaven's Gate

Answer 486

A psychological phenomenon whereby we tend to develop a preference for things we're familiar with

Answer 487

We perceive an object as unchanging even as the illumination angle, and distance of the object change 1. Shape constancy: familiar objects are perceived as having a constant form despite changes in the images that are projected onto our retinas 2. Size constancy: we perceive objects as having a constant size even as the distance of the object changes 3. Lightness (Brightness) Constancy: We perceive objects as having a constant brightness despite changes in illumination

Answer 488

Sought to explain human behavior by creating a hierarchy of needs At the base of this pyramid are physiological needs or the basic elements necessary to sustain human life If these needs are met we will seek safety; if the need for safety is met, we will seek love and so on His pyramid suggests that not all needs are created equal; some needs take priority over others At the top is self-actualization; best version of themselves. focus on themselves and work on their goals

Answer 489

- Economic decisions based on the market (supply and demand) - The means of production are often private - Laissez-faire and free market economies

Answer 490

Theory suggests that we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible or when our attitudes and behavior don't match; in order to reduce this feeling of tension, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we've done

Answer 491

Conducted a series of experiments on monkeys which were prompted by the observation that when isolated baby monkeys were separated from their blankets they became very distressed because they had formed an intense attachment to the object - Predominant belief at the time was that babies formed attachments to their mothers because of the need for food - The Harlows set up two surrogate wire "mothers" a nutrient mother with a bottle and a cloth mother - They found that baby monkeys preferred the soft cloth mother and only went to the nutrient mother for food - These severely deprived monkeys also demonstrated social deficits when reintroduced to other monkeys

Answer 492

when we assume that everyone else agrees with what we do

Answer 493

A socially defined expectation about how you will behave based on your status

Answer 494

- Fatigue/loss of energy - Feelings of worthlessness or guilt - Impaired concentration, indecisiveness - Insomnia or hypersomnia - Loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities - Restlessness of feeling slowed down - Recurring thoughts of death or suicide - Significant weight gain or loss

Answer 495

The extent to which a study can detect a difference when a difference exists

Answer 496

Person has a recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off of detached from his or her body or mental processes, as if observing themselves from the outside in something like an out of body experience

Answer 497

- Based on the teachings of Siddhartha - Overcoming cravings for physical or material pleasures primarily through meditative practices

Answer 498

Occur when we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototypes that already exists in our minds. Our prototype is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object

Answer 499

Standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve a basic societal value They are complexes of roles, norms, and values that contribute to social order by governing the behavior of people - Education - Family - Religion - Government, Economy, Politics - Health and medicine

Answer 500

Cognition: thoughts and beliefs about the person, object, or event Affect: our feelings about the person, object, or event Behavior: our internal and external responses to the person, object, or event

Answer 501

The set of arrangements by which a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods, services, and other resources

Answer 502

Anxiety Disorders 18% Dissociative Disorders 10% Depressive Disorder 10% Personality 6% Eating Disorders 6% Somatic Symptom Disorders 3% Psychotic Disorders 2%

Answer 503

A social process whereby human conditions (behavioral, physiological, or emotional) come to be defined and treated as medical conditions Ex: Obesity

Answer 504

-Primitive, involuntary that serve to prime the neuromuscular system and form the basis for more sophisticated movement to come Ex: palmar prime nervous system for more controlled grasping later

Answer 505

uses the control sample to estimate the population parameter, then calculates the probability that the treatment group is sampled from this same population

Answer 506

Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on our environment B.F. Skinner: founding father: Empiricist Perspective suggests - personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment - studies observable/measurable behaviors, and does not take internal thoughts and feelings into account - Is deterministic: people begin as blank slates and environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual's subsequent behavior and personalities development of the personality occurs through 1. classical conditioning 2. operant conditioning

Answer 507

Refers to the process by which stimuli other than the original conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response. So if the dogs salivate to the sound of a chime or a doorbell, even though those were not the same sounds as the conditioned stimulus, the behavior has been generalized

Answer 508

Occurs when you transition from one role to another

Answer 509

HIgh: gregarious Low: prefers solitary activities

Answer 510

Medulla, pons, and midbrain contains important processing centers and relays imformation to or from the cerebellum and cerebrum

Answer 511

A process in which two stimuli are paired in such a way that the response to one of the stimuli changes

Answer 512

E: detect stimuli from the outside world I: recptors that respond to internal stimuli

Answer 513

A system for managing public services that includes decision making by non elected officials, the implementation of rules and laws, and a system of set procedures meant to simplify the complex functioning of organizations

Answer 514

Occur when people from the same social groups tend to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals frm other groups

Answer 515

When we attribute another person's behavior to their personalities Example: Someone has been waiting 20 minutes to see the doctor and gets angry with the receptionist for having to wait and you think "wow that person is a jerk"

Answer 516

Provides reinforcement after a consistent period of time

Answer 517

1. overdiagnosis 2. stigma 3. Overprescribing (antibiotics or psychiatry)

Answer 518

Developed by Carl Rogers, asserts that humans are driven by actualizing tendency to realzie thier own highest potential, and personality conflicts arise when this is somehow thwarted Rather than stages, Rogers described human development as progressing from undifferentiated to differentiated - Main goal development of a self-concept - Self-concept was influenced by unconditional and conditional positive regard - Those raised with unconditional positive regard have the opportunity to achieve self-actualization - Those rasied with conditional positive regard feel worthy only when've met certain conditions - The ideal self is an impossible standard we can never accomplish, shaped by society's expectations - WHen the real self and ideal self are incongruent, this may cause psychopathology

Answer 519

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set

Answer 520

A neuron can be induced to transmit an action potential but the depolarization required is greater than normal because the membrane is hyperpolarized

Answer 521

First coined the term general intelligence. Believed that intelligence could be strictly quantified through cognitive tests and those who possessed high general intelligence would do well on lots of different measures of cognitive ability

Answer 522

Remove dead cells and debris

Answer 523

Extracting information that has been stored (Stage 3) Types - Free Recall - Cued Recall - Recognition - Relearning

Answer 524

Attempt to explain social phenomena

Answer 525

The ability of the brain to store and process information regarding social perception

Answer 526

Key factor in how sleep is regulated involves exposure to light which stimulates a nerve pathway from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus. THE SCN signals other parts of the brain which regulate body temperature and control the production and release of hormones. Whe exposed to light at the beginning of the day, our body temp rises and hormones (like cortisol) are released indicating wake up Melatonin produced by pineal gland. Darkness causes the pineal gland to start producing and releasing melatonin. As melatonin levels rise, you begin to feel tired. Melatonin levels stay elevated throughout the night light of a new day causes melatonin levels to fall. Bright light regulates function of SCN and directly inhibits release of melatonin

Answer 527

Process of learning the conditioned response. Time during the experiment when the bell and food are always paired

Answer 528

An individual possesses low efficacy and an external locus of control

Answer 529

In response to anything touching the roof of the babys mouth it will begin to suck

Answer 530

How an event is interpreted by the individual Ex: Couple hear creaking in house. One may attribute it to age of the house but other might think it's a burglar

Answer 531

Difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

Answer 532

Authoritarian: attempting to control children with strict rules to be followed unconditionally; parents utilize punishment instead of discipline not explain reasoning behind rules; children display aggressive behavior; shy around others; lower self esteem Permissive: very lenient; rarely discipline; children lack self discipline, self involved, poor social skills Authoritative: parents listen to children, encourage independence, place limits on behavior, warmth and nurturing

Answer 533

The intake of fluids is stimulated by specialized osmoreceptors in the brain that detect dehydration. These receptors communicate with the pituitary gland to stimulate the release of antiduretic hormone (ADH) which communicates with the kidneys to reduce urine production by reclaiming water. When blood volume is low, hunger ofr sodium is stimulated to increae the concentration of salt int he blood and third to replace the lost fluid.

Answer 534

A person transitions into slow wave sleep. Characterized by delta waves which are high amplitude, low frequency waves (0.5-3 Hz) and significy the deepest level of sleep Initially delta waves are mixed with higher frequency waves but as Stage 3 progresses to Stage 4, delta waves comes to dominate. No eye movement and moderate muscle movement Heart rate and digestion slow Growth hormones secreted

Answer 535

Some sort of undesirable stimulus that is removed immediately following a behavior Ex: the electric shock

Answer 536

A subset of the population whose data is utilized in the study. A value taken from a sample is called a sample statistic

Answer 537

just notticeable difference minimum noticeable distance between any two sensory stimuli 50% of the time

Answer 538

We reject the null hypothesis and accept the experimental hypothesis

Answer 539

misidentifying the origins of our knowledge

Answer 540

will happily explore their surroundings while thier mother is present, cry when their mother leaves the room, but are quickly consoled upon her return

Answer 541

1. Compliance: behavior is motivated by the desire to seek reward or to avoid punishment. Likely punishment for disobeying authority 2. Identification: behavior motivated by desire to be like another person or group 3. Internalization: motivated by values and beliefs that have been integrated into one's own value system

Answer 542

While the posterior pituitary does release oxytocin, oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus (choice A is correct; choice D is wrong). The thalamus is mainly responsible for regulating consciousness and sleep, as well as sensory and motor signals; it does not produce oxytocin (choice B is wrong). There are numerous hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (including ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, growth hormone, and prolactin), but oxytocin is not one of them (choice C is wrong).

Answer 543

Responsible for controlling the activities of most of the organs and glands and controls arousal. Answers primarily to the hypothalamus

Answer 544

The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group of culture

Answer 545

Critical for emotional experience, temperament, and decision making. Soft voice that calms the amygdala when it is overly aroused. Plays a role in executive functions: higher order thinking processes such as planning, organizing, inhibiting behavior, and decision making

Answer 546

A strategy in which people create obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when they do poorly. It is easier to erect external hindrances to explain our poor performance than to risk considering or having others consider an internal characteristic to be the cause of a poor performance

Answer 547

to the annual number of live births for every 1,000 women of childbearing age

Answer 548

The process of complying because we want to do the right thing and we feel like others "know something I don't"

Answer 549

Traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line

Answer 550

Something is learned but not expressed as an observable behavior until it is required

Answer 551

type of stimulus, based on which type of receptor is firing

Answer 552

Studies the social determinantss of health and uses social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population Investigates: 1. Features of societal conditions that affect health 2. Pathways by which societal conditions affect health

Answer 553

What we learn in one state is most easily recalled when we are once again in that emotional state

Answer 554

Sponatneous manic episode not triggeed by treatment for depression or caused by another medical condition or medication Swing to a full depressive episode or only to partial or moderate depression or no depresssion at all In mixed episode person has met the symptoms for both major depressive and manic episodes nearly every day for at least a week Symptoms severe enough to cause psychotic features, hospitalization, impaired work, social functioning

Answer 555

A segment of society that shares a distinct pattern of traditions and values that differs from that of the larger society Members

Answer 556

Type of probability distribution symmetric mean equal to the mode A measure of variability from the mean

Answer 557

someone you have a long lasting relationship with

Answer 558

Dictates that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion in order for their difference to be perceptible

Answer 559

- Characterized by bursts of quick eye movements - EEG measures waves that most resemble the beta waves see in individuals when awake - The waves in REM sleep are sawtooth waves with low intensity and variable frequency - Waves are more jagged in appearance than beta waves which are also low intensity but high frequency (16-25 Hz) - Low skeletal muscle movement (paradoxical sleep) - When dreams occur

Answer 560

Involves acting a certain way toward a group

Answer 561

Role or position that dominates; this tends to determine your general "place" in society Others may have given it to you or you think it is the most important Can be positive or negative Can change over time "Neuroscientist"

Answer 562

A set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms, and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

Answer 563

One that is earned | (Doctor)

Answer 564

A fabricated or distorted recollection of an event that did not actually happen

Answer 565

- Largest single faith in the world - 30% of the globe's population - Monotheistic - Followers believe in Jesus (son of God), an afterlife, and judgement day

Answer 566

The extent to which we can say that the change in the outcome variable (or dependent variable) is due to the intervention -confounding variables are controlled for and do not present an alternate explanation to the outcome of an experiment

Answer 567

High: high levels of negative emotion can be impulsive Low: experiences more positive emotions; copes well with sress

Answer 568

0-1: Oral stage 1-3: Anal 3-6: Phallic 6-12: Latency 12+: Genital

Answer 569

Anything that appears to be natural and obvious to people who accept it but is largely an invention of a given society

Answer 570

Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and so are often strictly enforced Ex: animal abuse and treason are actions that break mores in the United States

Answer 571

Power due to custom, tradition, or accepted practice

Answer 572

There are two cognitive routes of persuasion 1. Central route: people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself - Target audience: high motivation and ability to think about message 2. Peripheral route: people focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the orator, like the attractiveness of the orator, the length of the speech, whether the orator is considered an expert in his field - Low motivation and ability to think about message

Answer 573

previously learned behaviors are suddenly combined in unique ways

Answer 574

Defined as compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences and is characterized by an inability to stop using a drug, failure to meet work, social, or family obligations and sometimes (depending on the drug), tolerance, and withdrawal

Answer 575

Term used to describe an administrative body and the processes by which this body accomplishes work tasks. Each member of the organization has a specific role.

Answer 576

1. Proximity: we tend to like people who are closer to us 2. Similarity: couples and close friends tend to be similar in age, race, physical attractiveness, attitudes 3. Physical attractiveness: we tend to attribute positive characteristics to people who are physically attractive

Answer 577

Durkheim Durkheim was an advocate of functionalism and argued that religion promotes social solidarity as well as a collective consciousness, making individuals feel a part of an entity greater than themselves. Weber and Marx are both affiliated with conflict theory, which would suggest that religion is associated with conflict in society, rather than with solidarity. Mead is most associated with symbolic interactionism (a micro-level theory) and the development of the social self.

Answer 578

A loss of memory access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease

Answer 579

First stage of non-REM is entered. EEG is dominated by theta waves (waves of low to moderate intensity and intermediate frequency) 3-7 Hz EOG measures slow rolling eye movements and EMG measures moderate activity Person becomes less responsive to stimuli and has fleeting thoughts

Answer 580

Unlike the other two are bottom up approaches

Answer 581

Allows society to integrate through a division of labor, which leads to each person having a different personal experience

Answer 582

Occurs as societies become so complex that it is not possible for an individual to meet all of his or her needs alone Different occupations emerge Increase in interdependence Increased the rate of production but decreased the similarities in social experience among individuals contributing to class differences

Answer 583

1. Message characteristics: the features of the message itself, such as the logic and key points in the argument, the length of the argument, and its grammatical complexity 2. Source characteristics: the characteristics of the person or venue delivering the message, suchas expertise, knowledge, and trustworthiness 3. Target characteristics: the characteristics of the person receiving the message such as self esteem intelligence mood and other personal factors

Answer 584

In response to a loud sound or sudden movement, an infant will startle baby throws back its head and extends its arms and legs and cries and then pulls the arms and legs back in Lasts for 6 months

Answer 585

normal vision = emmetropia myopia = too much curvature causes light to be bent too much and to be focused in front of the retina. Can be corrected by a concave lens which will cause the light rays to diverge slightly before they reach the cornea hyperopia = farsightedness results from focusing of light behind the retina can be corrected by a convex which causes light to converge before reaching the retina Presbyopia = an inability to focus results from loss of flexibility of lens which occurs with aging

Answer 586

Obedience experiment The subject believes that the roles of the learner and teacher are determined randomly but this is actually rigged The experimenter orders the teacher (subject) to give electric shocks to a learner who is actually a confederate The teacher believes that the learner is actually receiving a shock for each wrong answer though in reality the confederate is playing pre-recorded sounds for each shock level In Milgram's first set of experiments, 65% of subjects kept administering shocks up to the highest level (450 volts)

Answer 587

stimulus -\> physiological response -\>emotion

Answer 588

A stimulus that initially does not elicit any intrinsic response Ex: Sound of the bell prior to the experiment

Answer 589

Refers to awareness of self (body position) and isknown as your kinesthetic sense. Ex: muscle spindle (sensory organ specialized to detect muscle stretch) Ex: golgi tendon organs and joint capsule receptors

Answer 590

This occurs when you adjust your behavior or thining based on the behavior of thinking of others

Answer 591

1. Hidden curriculum: unintentional lessons taught in school about norms, values, and beliefs 2. Teacher expectancy: expectations about how an individual/group will perform academically that impacts the teachers behavior toward the individual/group and results in individual/group conforming to expectations 3. Educational segregation and stratification: an unequal distribution of academic resources that reinforces class differences

Answer 592

- Contributed to understanding of collective behavior - Identified four main forms of collective behavior 1. Crowds 2. Publics: group of individuals discussing a single issue 3. Masses: group whose formation is prompted through the efforts of mass media 4. Social movements

Answer 593

Average age of earliest conscious memory is 3.5 years. Before this age, we are unable to remember much. Even though humans are unable to recall memories from this period, babies are still capable of learning and memory

Answer 594

6-12 yrs Erogenous: N/A (sexual feelings dormant) Adult Fixation: N/A

Answer 595

Function: motivated: sexual, maternal, eating Homeostasis: energy, ion, water Two mechanisms to regulate whole body 1. neural control --\> Sympathetic nervous system (epine/NE) 2. Endocrine control --\> Hypothalamic- PItuitary- Adrenal Axis (HPA)

Answer 596

Adds something undesirable to decrease likelihood of behavior happening again examples: spanks for getting bad grades ticket/fine for driving too fast

Answer 597

The extent to which one identifies with a particular gender; gender identity is often shaped early in life through social interactions

Answer 598

Controlled by a small group of people, selected based on specific qualificationswith decision-making power - Public is not involved in most political decisions - Include aristocracies (those ruled by elite citizens like those with noble births) and meritocracies (those ruled by people with meaningful social contributions)

Answer 599

- There are two abnormal structure in the brain associated with Alzheimers 1. Amyloid plaques: clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells 2. Neurofibrillary tangles: clumps of altered proteins inside cells It is the destruction and death of nerve cells that causes memory failure, personality changes, problems carrying out daily activities

Answer 600

powerful way to influence what others think and do

Answer 601

The psychologist most associated with operant conditioning and conducted extensive experiments in this field: -Invented an operant conditioning chamber (later dubbed a "Skinner box") to test how reinforcement (food) and punishment (electric shocks) influenced animal behavior

Answer 602

The understanding of others in our social world; it is the initial information we process about other people in order to try to understand their mindsets and intentions process responsible for our judgments and impressions about other people and allows us to recognize how others may impact us

Answer 603

Absolute poverty is defined by an inability to secure the basic necessities of life Relative poverty is the inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a given society

Answer 604

1900; focused on women's suffrage: the right to vote, to own property, to have equal rights within marriage and to work for wages

Answer 605

Process by which a person or a group's language and or culture come to resemble those of another group

Answer 606

Type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society Membership tends to occur by birth but most allow people to join Well stipulated rules and regulations Catholic Church

Answer 607

A graphical plot that demonstrates the hit rate vs the false alarm rate to graphically demonstrate a receiver's accuracy

Answer 608

our tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that methods worked for us in the past

Answer 609

_Characteristics;_ Excessive fear or anxiety, avoidance behaviors, panic attacks _Specific Disorders:_ Phobias (agoraphobia), social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder types of phobias: situational, natural env't, blood/injection, injury, animal

Answer 610

Takes away something undesirable to increase likelihood of behavior happening again: examples; - If all homework assignments completed, don't have to take final - Remove curfew for getting good grades

Answer 611

Simulus --\> PHysiological response -\> Cognitive interpretation -\> emotion

Answer 612

Infants are trained to learn language through operant conditioning

Answer 613

-Conformity experiments Subjects were first asked to determine which line was most similar to a comparison line When subjects completed this task alone, they erred less than 1% of the time Subjects were then placed in a room with several confederates On the first few tests, all of the confederates responded correctly but then began choosing one of the incorrect lines More than one third of subjects conformed to the group by answering incorrectly

Answer 614

Dominate an individual's whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with such personalities often become so known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these qualities Cardinal traits are rare and tend to develop later in life

Answer 615

A tornado wiping out a town is an example of a catastrophic stressor. Catastrophes are unpredictable, large-scale events that include natural disasters and wartime events. They are events that almost everyone would appraise as dangerous and stress-inducing. The repercussions of a catastrophic event are often felt for years after the event; a tornado wiping out a town would be an example of a catastrophic stressor. Even though divorce, the death of a child, and a diagnosis of a terminal illness might all seem catastrophic to the individual experiencing the stressor, these stressors would be considered significant life changes, because they are impacting only a relatively small number of people compared to the impact of a catastrophe.

Answer 616

Refers to the different processes thaat we use to form impressions of others including how we form the impressions and the different conclusions we make about other people based upon our impressions

Answer 617

Manic phases are less extreme Person with bipolar 2 disorder has experience cyclic moods including at least one major depressive episode and one hypomaniac episode but has not met the criteria for a manic or mixed episode Hypomaniac: for at least 4 days, a person has experienced an abnormally euphoric or irritable mood Major depressive episode: person has felt worse than usual for most of the day, nearly every day for at least two weeks depressed mood, decreased interest, fatigue loss of energy, low self worth, insufficient sleep, impaired concentration, thoughts of death

Answer 618

Remembering to do things in the future Old man is losing memory he will remeber to take his pills if there is a pill box out serving as a physical reminder

Psych and Sociology Flashcards

(676 cards)