PSYCH CHAP 9

Question 1

affective forecasting

Answer 1

Predicting one’s own emotional response to upcoming events.

Question 2

analogical representation

Answer 2

An idea that shares some of the actual characteristics of the object it represents. See also symbolic representation.

Question 3

associative links

Answer 3

In network-based models of mental representation, connections between the symbols (or nodes) in the network.

Question 4

automaticity

Answer 4

The ability to do a task without paying attention to it.

Question 5

availability heuristic

Answer 5

A strategy for judging how frequently something happens?or how common it is?based on how easily examples of it come to mind.

Question 6

confirmation bias

Answer 6

(1) The tendency to seek evidence to support one’s hypothesis rather than looking for evidence that will undermine it. (2) The tendency to take evidence that’s consistent with your beliefs more seriously than evidence that’s inconsistent with your beliefs.

Question 7

directed thinking

Answer 7

Thinking aimed at a particular goal.

Question 8

dual-process theory

Answer 8

The proposal that judgment involves two types of thinking: a fast, efficient, but sometimes faulty set of strategies, and a slower, more laborious, but less risky set of strategies.

Question 9

framing

Answer 9

The way a decision is phrased or the way options are described. Seemingly peripheral aspects of the framing can influence decisions by changing the point of reference.

Question 10

heuristics

Answer 10

A strategy for making judgments quickly, at the price of occasional mistakes.

Question 11

judgment

Answer 11

The process of extrapolating from evidence to draw conclusions.

Question 12

loss aversion

Answer 12

The strong tendency to regard losses as considerably more important than gains of comparable magnitude?and, with this, a tendency to take steps (including risky steps) to avoid possible loss.

Question 13

means-end analysis

Answer 13

A problem-solving strategy in which you continually evaluate the difference between your current state and your goal, and consider how to use your resources to reduce the difference.

Question 14

mental images

Answer 14

Mental representations that resemble the objects they represent by directly reflecting the perceptual qualities of the thing represented.

Question 15

mental representations

Answer 15

Contents in the mind that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs.

Question 16

mental set

Answer 16

The perspective that a person takes and the assumptions he makes in approaching a problem.

Question 17

node

Answer 17

In network-based models of mental representation, a “meeting place” for the various connections associated with a particular topic.

Question 18

proposition

Answer 18

(1) A statement relating a subject and a claim about that subject. (2) A predicate-argument structure. In a sentence, the verb is the predicated act or state and the noun phrases are its arguments, playing various semantic roles.

Question 19

reasoning

Answer 19

The process of figuring out the implications of particular beliefs.

Question 20

representativeness heuristic

Answer 20

A strategy for judging whether an individual, object, or event belongs in a certain category based on how typical of the category it seems to be.

Question 21

restructuring

Answer 21

A reorganization of a problem that can facilitate its solution; a characteristic of creative thought.

Question 22

satisfice

Answer 22

In decision making, seeking a satisfactory option rather than spending more time and effort to locate and select the ideal option.

Question 23

spreading activation

Answer 23

The process through which activity in one node in a network flows outward to other nodes through associative links.

Question 24

subroutines

Answer 24

In problem solving, specific procedures for solving familiar, well-defined problems.

Question 25

syllogism

Answer 25

A logic problem containing two premises and a conclusion; the syllogism is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises.

Question 26

symbolic representation

Answer 26

A mental representation that stands for some content without sharing any characteristics with the thing it represents. See also analogical representation.

Question 27

System 1

Answer 27

In dual-process models of judgment, the fast, efficient, but sometimes faulty type of thinking.

Question 28

System 2

Answer 28

In dual-process models of judgment, the slower, more effortful, and more accurate type of reasoning.