Psych chapter 3: memory and learning Flashcards
1
Q
habituation
A
- decrease in response to the same stimulus over time
2
Q
subthreshold stimulus
A
- too weak to elicit a response
3
Q
Dishabituation
A
- recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occured
4
Q
Associative learning
A
- creation of pairing, (association) either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response
5
Q
classical conditioning
A
- associative learning
- takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli
- ivan pavlov’s dog
6
Q
Unconditioned stimulus
A
- any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response
7
Q
unconditioned response
A
- innate or reflexive response
8
Q
describe pavlov’s dog
A
- unconditioned stimulus: meat
- would cause dogs to salivate
- neutral stimulus: ringing the bell
would ringbell before placing meat in the dogs mouth. at first not much reaction, over time dogs began to salivate at the ring of the bell
9
Q
conditioned stimulus
A
- normally neutral stimulus, through association, causes a reflexive response called a conditioned response
10
Q
acquisition
A
- process of using a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus
11
Q
extinction
A
loss of a conditioned response
12
Q
generalization
A
broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response
(little albert and the white mouse)
13
Q
stimuli discrimination
A
- organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli
14
Q
operant conditioning
A
- consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those behaviors
15
Q
behaviorism
A
- BF skinner
- all behaviors are conditioned
stimulus added behavior continues: positive reinforcement
stimulus removed behavior continues: negative reinforcement
stimulus added behavior stops: positive punishment
stimulus removed behavior stops: negative punishment
16
Q
positive reinforcement
A
- increases the frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior
(ex: being paid to work)
17
Q
negative reinforcement
A
- increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something unpleasant
(ex: taking an aspirin for a headache) - escape learning and avoidance learning
18
Q
escape learning
A
- animal experiences the unpleasant stimulus and in response displays the desired behavior in order to trigger the removal of the stimulus
19
Q
avoidance learning
A
- animal displays the desired behavior in anticipation of the unpleasant stimulus, so they can avoid the unpleasant stimulus
20
Q
punishment
A
- uses conditioning to reduce the occurence of a behavior
21
Q
positive punishment
A
adds unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce the behavior
ex: jail for stealing
22
Q
negative punishment
A
- removing a stimulus in order to cause reduction of behavior
ex: not ringing the bell, dogs wont salivate
23
Q
reinforcement schedule
A
rate at which desired behaviors are acquired is affected by the resinforcement schedule being used to delicer the sitmuli
24
Q
fixed ratio schedules
A
- reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
( rewarding rat with food after it touches a button 3 times)
25
variable ratio schedules
- reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive reward is constant
(ex: reward a rat first after 2 button presses, then eight, then four then six
26
fixed interval schedules
- reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed
ex: rat has to wait 60 seconds between pellets
27
variable interval schedules
- reinforce a behavior for the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time
rat has to wait different intervals of time between food
28
shaping
- process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired response
29
latent learning
- learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced
ex: rats in a maze
30
problem solving
trial and error approach
31
preparedness
predisposition to a behavior
32
instinctive drift
- when animal revert to an instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is similar
33
observational learning
- process of learning a new behavior or gaining info by watching ptjers
34
mirror neurons
- located in frontal and parietal lobes or cerebral cortex
- fire when an individual performs an action when that individual observed someone performing that action
-
35
encoding
- process of putting new information into memory
36
- automatic processing
- info gained without any effort
37
controlled processing
- actively work to gain information
38
method of loci
associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized
39
peg-word
- associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers
40
chunking
- take individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning
41
sensory memory
- preserves information in its original sensory form eith high accuracy, lasts only a bery short time
42
iconic memory
- fast decaying memory of visual stimuli
43
echoic memory
- fast decaying memory of auditory stimuli
44
short term memory
- fades quickly, over about 30 seconds without rehearsal
45
memory capacity
- number of items we can hold in our short term memory at any given time ( 7 +- 2)
46
working memory
- supported by hippocampus
- keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously to manipulate that information
0 short term, attention, executive function
47
long term memory
- limitless warehouse for knowledge, recall on demand for the rest of our lives
48
elaborative rehearsal
- way to consolidate long term memory
- association of the information to knowledge already stored in long term memory
- relate information to our lives
49
explicit vs. implicit memory
- sections of long term memory
- explicit: encoding of facts
- implicit: procedure, involving skills and conditioned responses
50
implicit memory
- skills habits, conditioned responses
- procedural memory
- priming, presentation of one stimulus affecting perception of a second
51
positive priming
- exposure to the first stimulus improves processing of the second stimulus
52
negative priming
- first stimulus interferes with the processing of the second stimulus, resulting in slower response times and more errors
53
explicit memory
- require conscious recall
- episodic and semantic memory
54
episodic memory
- recollection of life experiences
55
semantic memory
- ideas, concepts, facts not tied to specific life experiences
56
retrieval
- something that has been learned has been retained
57
recognition
- identifying a piece of information that was previously learned...
58
relearning
- memorizing is easier the second time around
59
spacing effect
- longer amount of time between relearning, greater retention of the info later
60
semantic network
- concepts are linked together based on similar meaning
61
context effect
- memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place
62
source monitoring
- retrieval process that involves determing origin of memories and whether they are factual or fictional
63
state-dependent memory
- retrieval cue based on performing better when in the same mental state as when the information was learned
64
serial position effect
- items position in the list affected the ability to recall
65
primacy and recency effect
- tendency to remember early and late items in the list
66
amnesia
- significant loss of memorized information
- source amnesia
67
alzheimers disease
- degenerative brain disorder
- loss of acetycholine in neurons that link to hippocampus
- dementia (loss of cognitive function), memory loss, retrograde fashion (recent before long term)
68
sundowning
- increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening
69
Karsakoff's syndrome
- memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in brain
- retrograde maneasia
- anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)
- confabulation, process of creating vivid but fabricated memories, thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories
70
agnosia
- loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds
71
decay
- memories simply lost naturally over time
72
retention function
- curve of forgetting
73
interference
retrieval error caused by the existance of other, usually similar information
74
proactive interference
- old information is interfering with new learning
75
retroactive interference
- when new information causes forgetting of old information
76
prospective memory
- remembering to perform a task at some point in the future
77
reproductive memory
- accurate recall of past events
78
reconstructive memory
- theory of memory recall in which cognitive processes such as imagination, semantic memory and perception affect the act of remembering
79
misinformation effect
- recall of an event becomes less accurate due to injection of outside info into the memory
80
intrusion errors
- false memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory
81
Source monitoring error
- confusion between semantic and episodic memory: remembers details of an event, confuses the context
82
neuroplasticity
neural connections that form rapidly in response to stimuli
83
synaptic pruning
- weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing our ability to process information
84
synaptic cleft
- gap between neuron and target cell
85
long term potentiation
strengthening of neural connections through repeated use
basis of long term memory
