Psych chapter 4 Flashcards
(43 cards)
Free nerve endings
Send signals about tissue damage
What are the cells that connect rods and cones to
Bipolar cells, (like how rod my old boss was kind of bipolar) if you are bipolar might have energy and take signals to gangs, as bipolar cells take electrical signals from retina to retinal ganglion cells
Retinal ganglion cells, (like how gangs organize) organize signals
Binocular depth cues
More disparity closer = less disparity further - idea it will get better
When we view closer objects their will be more disparities between the images projected on both of our retinas then when we view objects that are further away
Feature integration theory (FIT)
F like focused and fit we do not need focused attention to determine features but we do need focused attention to fit them together to create a whole image
What is sensation?
The registration of stimuli, comes from topsl, (topsl stimulate), taste, odor, pressure, sound and light stimuli
Perceptual organization types
CCCPS
Continuity - when two edges move in the same direction we view them as making a continus rather then seperate shapes
Clouser - where we close gaps in outlines to create a full outline
Common fate - if we see blinking bulbs we perceive them as the moving parts of one object
Simmilarity - if objects have simmilar shapes, textures, colors, and features we percieve them as coming from the same source
Proximity - our tendency to group objects that are in close proximity to each other together
Simplicity - when given multiple interpretations of an object when choose the simplest one
What is stimulus detection theory?
SND sensitivity, noise and decision criterion, (if an individual is more likely to decide that they perceived a stimulus they are more liberal but if they are less likely to decide that they percieved a stimulus they are more conservative) can all impact stimulus detection
How is loudness, frequency, timbre and location detected?
Loudness detected by activity in hair in cochlea
Frequency is detected through place coding, where which area in proximity to tip or base of basilar membrane fired the most action potentials, (will reflect frequency as weather tip or base moves depends on frequency and then the hair cells closest to whichever one moves the most in turn will also move more resulting in more action potenitals being fired). Or temporal coding - looks at times between peaks as reflected in action potentials to determine frequency
Timbre- its going down Im yelling timbre- like how hairs going down all across membrane can reflect frequency and therefore timbre
Location: pinna p like prioritize, part and place–> folds in pinna will alter sound causing certain parts of sound to be emphasized based on place where it came from. Sound travels slower then light especially at lower frequency so which side ear that hears lower frequency first is on will reflect which side sound source is on. Higher frequencies will be blocked by the head so will be less intense on side they are further from.
What is the three principles about touch
OSW
Opposite hemisphere control. R.S of brain recieves tactile info from L.S
Sensitivity depends on the size of the area of the somantosensory coretex an area is represented by
Where and what pathways likely exist
How do we detect motion
NRSD
Neural circuits will be activated by stimulation of different areas of the retina caused by the objects motion and use time and area of stimulation to determine the speed and direction of the object
Dorsal stream
d weare of surroundings give us info about motion and location
connects to higher areas of temporal lobe
Ventrical stream
v like vwhat used for determining what we are looking at v is lower in alphabet so connects to lower areas of temporal lobe
proprioception
like proportions and perception, gives us information about the movement of our porportions, (limbs)
mtj sensory receptors in our muscles tendons and joints will send signals regarding movement and tell us how well we are performing desired movement and about resistance to movement
What is the path of visual stimuli through the eye
CIPLROLTO
Cornea - c like curve, curves light to pupil
iris- like the iris flower can control how much light lets into center can control how much light is let into pupil
Pupil - hole in eye light goes through bends light onto retina projects images upside down and backwards onto retina
Lens- curves to see close relaxes to see far, myopia- nearsightedness, (the distance before sightedness = the distance the individual can see) so can see near but not far bc eye is too short- I am short and I have nearsigthedness
farsightedness (hypermyopia) can see far but not near, eye is too long
Retina - where images are projected upside down and backwards onto contains rods and cones
optic nerve - o like open blind spot in retina operates to transfer images from retina to lateral genticular nucleus
lateral genticular nucleus - on each side axons from retinal ganglion cells organize info to each side of brain lateral like refers to how stimuli from eye on one side will go to opp side of brain hemisphere
goes to thalamus then occipital lobe area VI primary occular coretex
What are papvilla
papvilla transduce taste signals
like paprika villa where paprika taste would be processed, bumps on tongue that contain taste receptors who contain microvilla which react with tastant molecules from food
Spacial acuity
Refers to our ability to differentiate between objects that are close together
monocular depth cues
Cues regarding depth that we can determine when one of our eyes is closed
Ie objects that are closer to us will still appear larger with only one eye open and objects that are further from us will still appear larger - if we know the relative size of an object we can use the difference from this relative size to determine its distance
other monocular depth cues
LITR
Linear perception - like lines p like parrallel and point our perception that parallel lines meet at a far off point
Interposition- i like interupt (block) and infer refers to how when we see an object interupt (block) another object we will infer that the blocking object is closer
Texture gradiant - g like gain bc as we gain closeness we gain ability to discern texture - so the closer we get to objects the less uniform they appear and the more we can observe texture
Relative height - when I far gone I am often high - like how we view far off objects as higher in our visual feild and closer objects as lower in our visual feild
What is sensitivity
The faintest level of stimuli that someone can percieve/is aware of
What is absolute threshold?
Absolute threshold- the threshold for the strength of absolute vodka is under 50% alcohol content like how the absolute threshold for stimulus is when it is reported to be detected in 50% of trails. When absolute threshold is graphed the graph will be abruptly split from not detected to detected because the point of detection is defined as when it is reported as detected 50% of the time. The greater the absolute threshold of a stimuli the more intense it must be in order for it to be percieved in 50% of trials
What is the just noticeable difference
The just noticeable difference for stimuli is the minimum level of difference between stimuli of a certain sense that can be perceived. Involves keeping a standard stimuli at a fixed level and then manipulating another one and determining at what point difference is reported as being only slightly detectable. Depends on Ti, type of stimuli and intensity of original stimuli. For example a less intense, more starting dim light will have a lower just detectable threshold- meaning that difference will be detected more easily so a lower level of difference is classified as barely detectable, a more starting bright light will have a higher just detectable threshold meaning that the difference between stimuli needs to be greater in order to be noticed- and therefore classified as barely detectable.
What is werbers law
Werber’s law Wer like were able to determine difference as a among the same sensory properties is determined as a ratio that remains the same as intensity changes. For example if an individual holds a 25g and a 50g object in each hand they will identify the objects as being different weights however if they hold a 10kg object and an object whose weight =s 10kg + 25g they will likely not be able to determine the difference in weight. This proves that usually people do not define one object as heavier when it has a weight that is equal to or greater then 25g heavier then the other object, but rather that people percieve differences in weight when one object is double the weight of another object, (when two objects have a 2:1 weight ratio)
What is haptic perception
h like hands our perception based on what our hands physically grasp
How are cones and rods different
Cones CDF color, day time vision, fine detail
3 different types for detecting different wavelengths of light l-cones for detecting colors associated with long wave lengthes (red) m- cones (colors associated with medium wave lengthers) and s cones (used for detecting colors with short wavelengths ie purple I am short adn my fav color is purple)
Cones work in color opposition system - refers to how pairs of cons work in opposition with each other, (medium is worst so medium is most opposed) l- cons work in opposition with m - cons and s- cons work in opposition with m - cons. Working in opposition with each other means that in order to see white alll 3 must be firing =ly if one becomes fatigued, (the result of sensory adaptation) from staring at the color it is associated with for too long its opposing con will still fire equally but have nothing to balance its signals out with resulting in an afterimage, a tint of a certain color
only found in fovea, (center of retina where vision is the most focused) - 6 million
Rods - nightime vision see as grey, not found in fovea - 120 million
What is perception?
Perception is the process that identifies, organizes and gives meaning to stimulus. Reading words for example involves physical signals from light reflecting off of the page being captured by sensory receptors in the eyes which send electrical signals to the central nervous system where the brain defines the shapes as words and concepts.