Psych Chapter 8

Question 1

Unlearned behavior: 2 types

Answer 1

Instinct - knowledge, behavior involving complex patterns of behavior
Reflex - automatic response by organism to stimulus in environment

Question 2

Learned behavior

Answer 2

Learning - change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
Associative - involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 3

Reflexes

Answer 3

Motor/neural reactions to specific stimulus
Ex: human babies born with sucking reflex

Question 4

Instincts

Answer 4

Behaviors triggered by broader range of event
Ex: aging, change of seasons

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

Stimulus predicts another stimulus

Question 6

Operant conditioning

Answer 6

Behavior leads to certain outcome

Question 7

Observational learning

Answer 7

Process of watching others and imitating what they do

Question 8

Before conditioning

Answer 8

Unconditioned stimulus (food)&raquo_space; unconditioned (response (salivation in response to food)

Question 9

During conditioning

Answer 9

Bell(NS) + food(UCS)&raquo_space; salivation(UCR)

Question 10

After conditioning

Answer 10

Bell(CS)&raquo_space; salivation(CR)

Question 11

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 11

Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Question 12

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Question 13

Stimulus generalization

Answer 13

Conditioned response to stimuli similar conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Habituation

Answer 14

Learn not to respond to stimulus that is presented without change

Question 15

Conditioning approach in operant conditioning

Answer 15

US(food) is paired with NS (such as bell). The NS eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus which brings the conditioned response (salivation)

Question 16

Conditioning approach in operant conditioning

Answer 16

Target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future

Question 17

Law of effect

Answer 17

Principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences

Question 18

Law of effect

Answer 18

Principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences

Question 19

Operant behavior

Answer 19

Behavior that operates on environment, producing consequences

Question 20

Stimulus timing in classical conditioning

Answer 20

The stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response

Question 21

Reinforcer

Answer 21

Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of behavior that led to it

Question 22

Punisher

Answer 22

A stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response

Question 23

Primary reinforcer

Answer 23

Innate reinforcing qualities (food,water,shelter,sex)

Question 24

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 24

No inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with primary reinforcer

Question 25

Fixed interval

Answer 25

Moderate response rate with significant pauses after reinforcement

Question 26

Variable interval

Answer 26

Moderate yet steady response rate

Question 27

Fixed ratio

Answer 27

High response rate with pauses after reinforcement

Question 28

Variable ratio

Answer 28

High and steady response rate

Question 29

Latent learning

Answer 29

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 30

Observational learning

Answer 30

Learning by observing others; also called social learning

Question 31

Vicarious learning

Answer 31

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action