Psych-Development

Question 1

Sensorimotor

Answer 1

Birth - 2 years
Understands world through senses and actions

The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.

Question 2

Transitional object

Answer 2

A comfort object or security blanket that is used to provide psychological comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for children. They are the most common in toddlers and pre-school children, but school aged children often reject them as too “babyish” even if they secretly still have an affection for their object (blanket, pillow, stuffed animal).

Question 3

II: Authority and Social Order

Answer 3

School age
Orientation towards fixed rules. The purpose of morality is maintaining the social order. Interpersonal accord is expanded to include the entire society

Question 4

12-15 month milestones

Answer 4

Walks unassisted
(note you would be concerned if child has not walked by 18 months)

Shows separation anxiety (SHOULD BE GONE BY 3 YEARS OF AGE)

Says first words
Shows object permanence

Note between 13 and 18 months (15 months) you will start to recognise yourself in the mirror

Question 5

associative play

Answer 5

3-4

Interacts with others, preference of people, mixed sex groups

Question 6

6 year milestones

Answer 6

Tie shoelaces and ride a 2 wheel bicycle
Print letters (writing)
Copy a triangle
Begin moral development
Begin understanding the finality of death
Begins reading
Begins thinking logically

Question 7

School aged children (6-12 years)

Answer 7

Prefer acting with same gendered children and parent
Little interest in sexual issues (feelings are latent or dormant)
Moral sense of right and wrong develops
Emphasis on rule based thinking and games
Industrious (stickers, prizes)
Capacity for logical through and conservation/ seriation
Metacognition (thinking about thinking) begins later
Complex motor development continues (sports)

Question 8

Integrity vs Despair

Answer 8

> 65

Question 9

7-11 month milestones

Answer 9

Crawls on hands and knees
Pull to stand
Transfer toys between hands
Tick up toys with “pincer” grasp - 10mo

Stranger anxiety
Social games such as “peekaboo” and waves “bye bye”

Imitates sounds and uses gestures
Responds to name and simple instructions

Question 10

Preconventional Morality

Answer 10

Before age 9, children begin to show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

Question 11

2 year milestones

Answer 11

Kicks a ball 
Balances on one foot for 1 second 
Stacks 6 blocks 
Feeds self with spoon 
Negativity “no” and tantrums 
Parallel play
250 words in 2 word sentences 
Names body parts and objects

Question 12

I. Self Interest

Answer 12

Pre-school

Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishments- effort is made to secure greatest benefit for onset

Question 13

Identity vs Role Confusion

Answer 13

13-18 years

Question 14

Unoccupied play

Answer 14

The random movements that infants make with no clear purpose is the beginning of play

Question 15

Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 15

18-40

Question 16

Concrete operational

Answer 16

7-12 years
Understands world through logical thinking and categories.

The child can think logically about concrete objects and thus can add and subtract. The child also understands conservation.

Question 17

Metacognition

Answer 17

The ability to think about your thinking (“I do tend to have a a lot of preservative thoughts” or “I have unconscious bias”). This is a very high level cognitive process which begins to develop at the end of school age

Question 18

Freud Anal

Answer 18

Anal
2-3
The child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (such as bowels and bladder)

Question 19

Freud Genital

Answer 19

Genital
11-adult
The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex

Question 20

Freud Phallic

Answer 20

Phallic
3-7
The child learns to realize the differences between males and females and become aware of sexuality

Question 21

Postconventional Morality

Answer 21

Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles

Question 22

empathy

Answer 22

Develops early, as soon as toddlers can understand emotional stresses

Question 23

Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 23

3-6 years

Question 24

III: Social Contract

Answer 24

Teens
Mutual benefit, reciprocity. Morally and legally right are not always the same. Utilitarian rules that make life better for everyone

Question 25

Conventional Morality

Answer 25

By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake

Question 26

Freud Oral

Answer 26

Oral 0-2 Infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling

Question 27

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 27

6-12 years

Question 28

solitary play

Answer 28

0-2 | Plays alone with little interaction

Question 29

18 month milestones

Answer 29

``` Throws a ball Stacks 3 blocks Climbs stairs one foot at a time Scribbles on paper Rapprochement (to and from caregiver) Responds to 10 words Says own name ```

Question 30

Formal

Answer 30

12 years onward Understands the world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms.

Question 31

4 year milestones

Answer 31

``` Catches ball with arms and hops on one foot Dresses independently and grooms self Draws a person, copies a cross Cognitive play, role play, imaginary play with magical thinking Curious about sex differences Nightmares and transient phobias Good verbal self expression (stories) Preposition use and comprehension ```

Question 32

parallel play

Answer 32

2.5-3 | Play alongside others but not together

Question 33

Preoperational

Answer 33

2-7 years Understands world through language and mental images. The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. During this stage the child is egocentric.

Question 34

3 year milestones

Answer 34

Rides a tricycle Undress and partially dress independently Climbs stairs using alternate feet Stacks 9 blocks Gender identity Bowel and bladder control (encorpresis at 4 year and enuresis at 5 year old) Separates from mother for part of the day Complete sentences- speaks 900 words and comprehends 3500 words Identifies some color Stranges can understand their level of articulation

Question 35

II: Confirmatory and Interpersonal Accord

Answer 35

School-age | The “good boy/girl” level. Effort is made to secure greatest benefit for oneself

Question 36

Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 36

40-65

Question 37

Freud Latency

Answer 37

Latency 7-11 The child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet

Question 38

Adolescents (13-18 years)

Answer 38

Puberty and increased sex drive Deviations from typical puberty can be painful Interests: gender role, body image, popularity Focus on identity formation Increased impulsivity and risk taking behaviour Some older adolescents: morals, ethics, self-control Piaget’s formal operations: capacity for abstract thought Mastery of motor development with honed skills

Question 39

5 year milestones

Answer 39

Catches a ball with 2 hands and skips using alternate feet Draws a person in detail and copies a square Romantic feeling about the opposite sex Over concerned about physical injury Further improvement in physical and cognitive skills

Question 40

III:Universal Principles

Answer 40

Adulthood | Morality is based on the principles that transcend mutual benefits

Question 41

Developmental concepts

Answer 41

``` Sensory Integration Survival (physical warmth) Transitional object Nap-inducing object Tactile Sense ```

Question 42

1-3 month milestones

Answer 42

Lifts head when lying prone Smiles in response to a human face “Cooes” / gurgles in response to human attention

Question 43

cooperative

Answer 43

4+ | Play together and share goals, single sex groups

Question 44

Theory of mind

Answer 44

First develops around 4 years of age and allows children to understand that other individuals have different thoughts and feelings other than their own. This is a transition out of the egocentric phase of toddlerhood, and allows for empathy to transition to morality (morality = taking actions based on empathy)

Question 45

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Answer 45

1.5 to 3 years

Question 46

4-6 month milestones

Answer 46

Turns over (5 mos) Sits unassisted (6mo) Reaches for objects Grasps with entire hand Forms attachment to primary caregiver Recognises familiar people Babbles (repetition of single sounds over and over)

Question 47

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 47

Birth- 1.5 years

Question 48

Brazeltons Neonatal Behavioral Scale Primitive reflexes

Answer 48

``` Suck Startle (moro) Palmar grasp Babinski Rooting reflex Others: clonus, tone, incurvation, crawling, wt bearing, walking, fencing, spin, and head control ```

Question 49

I. Obedience/Punishment

Answer 49

Infancy | No difference between doing the right think and avoiding punishment

Question 50

spectator play

Answer 50

2-2.5 | Watch other children but do not join in