Psych Everything Flashcards
(421 cards)
1
Q
What is the paradox of progress?
A
Modern life improves but you have less time and more stress.
2
Q
Examples of Paradox of Progress
A
Time, economics, choice, technology
3
Q
Main shortcoming of self-help books
A
Psychobabble, not based on research, no specific directions, no consideration of situational constraints.
4
Q
The science that studies behavior and the physiological and mental processes that underlie it.
A
Psychology
5
Q
What makes psychology a science?
A
Empiricism and Theory
6
Q
Two types of research of psychology
A
Experimental and descriptive
7
Q
What is experimental research?
A
Demonstrate a cause and effect relationship
8
Q
What is descriptive research?
A
Used to observe and describe behavior (correlation)
9
Q
What is an operational definition?
A
How a researcher decides to measure variables- how you will measure IV’s and DV’s
10
Q
Correlation coefficient (r)
A
Ranges form -1 to 1
11
Q
According to levels of processing approach to memory, thinking about synonyms is one method of _____ processing that should ____ memory for that term.
A
Deep; increase
12
Q
Examples of mnemonic devices for memory
A
Acrostics, Rhymes, link method, method of loci
13
Q
A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
A
Personality trait
14
Q
What did Freud’s theory of personality focus on?
A
Early childhood experiences and fantasies
15
Q
First assumption of psychoanalytic theory
A
Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control
16
Q
Second assumption of psychoanalytic theories
A
Childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult personality.
17
Q
Third assumption of psychoanalytic theories
A
Personality is shaped by the manner in which individuals cope with sexual urges
18
Q
What is the id governed by?
A
The pleasure principle
19
Q
What is the superego governed by?
A
The ego ideal
20
Q
When is the id developed
A
Present at birth
21
Q
When is the superego developed?
A
Childhood
22
Q
What is the ego governed by?
A
The reality principle
23
Q
When is the ego developed
A
Childhood
24
Q
What develops first the ego or superego?
A
the ego
25
What is behavior the result of for Freud?
Ongoing internal conflict among the id, ego, superego
26
We use _____ when internal conflict arouse anxiety for Freud.
Defense mechanisms
27
What is the difference between internationalization and rationalization?
Internationalization: thinking away an emotion or reaction that you don't enjoy feeling.
Rationalization: When you rationalize something, you try to explain it away.
28
What do behaviorists argue?
People are products of their environments and develop specific behaviors as a result of experience.
29
Who is associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
30
The initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship
Classical conditioning
31
What is the extinction in classical conditioning?
Reduction of conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone
32
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred.
33
When similar stimuli elicit the same response as a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has occurred.
Stimulus generalization
34
An organism learns to emit a specific behavior in the presence of a stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
35
What did Little Albert demonstrate?
Phobias as products of classical conditioning
36
What is counter conditioning?
Systematic desensitization
37
What is operant conditioning?
Process whereby a behavior becomes associated with its consequences
38
Operant conditioning is also known as ____
Instrumental conditioning
39
In operant conditioning, when a behavior leads to positive outcomes, that behavior will increase- this is known as ______
positive reinforcement
40
(Operant) Reinforcement always _____ a response
strengthens
41
(Operant) Punishment always _____ a response
weakens
42
(Operant) your instructor yells at you because you arrive late to class
Positive punishment
43
(Operant) Your partner refuses to kiss you because you smoke
negative punishment
44
(Operant) You receive a thank you letter from a friend after sending her a birthday gift
Positive reinforcement
45
(Operant) You take tylenol to get rid of a headache
Negative reinforcement
46
(Operant) a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding.
Primary Reinforcers
47
A neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
48
Effective punishment is most effective when combined with what?
Reinforcement
49
What is shaping? (Operant conditioning)
Selective reinforcement of behaviours that gradually approach a desired response
50
What is behaviour modification?
A technique that brings about therapeutic change in behaviour through the use of secondary reinforcers.
51
Use _____ analysis to study trats
Factor
52
Each individual has a unique set of personality traits called _____ _____
Personality dispositions
53
Big-Five model
Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
54
Projective tests are used for what?
To uncover unconscious motives
55
What is a thematic apperception test?
Black and white pictures (projection test)
56
What is stress?
Any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten your well-being and thereby tax your coping abilities.
57
__% of Canadians experience stress in their daily lives
76%
58
Biggest stressers for canadians
Jobs, finances, health and family life
59
Primary appraisal of stress: perceive situation as _____/_____ and ____/____
Relevant/irrelevant; threatening/harmless
60
What is self-imposed stress the result of?
Setting unrealistic goals
61
3 types of stress?
Acute, chronic and anticipatory
62
3 types of internal conflict
approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance
63
Two subs-types of pressure
Pressure to preform
Pressure to conform
64
Responses to stress stages
Stressful event-appraisal- reaction
65
Responses to stress can be ____, ____ and _____
Emotional, physiological, and behavioural
66
Emotional reactions equation
Feeling + Physiological changes
67
Positive emotional reactions to stress are related to _____
Resiliance
68
What is the inverted-U hypothesis?
Optimal arousal level
69
What is the optimal level of arousal for simple tasks?
High
70
What is the optimal level of arousal for complex tasks?
Low
71
What nervous system tells you "it's go time"
Sympathetic
72
What nervous system tells you "take 'er down a notch"
Parasympathetic
73
General adaption syndrome
Alarm--- Resistance--- Exhaustion
74
What are the glans that release hormones into your bloodstream?
Endocrine system
75
What does the corticosteroid pathway do?
Increase energy
76
What does the catecholamine pathway do?
Mobilize for actions
77
Who came up with General adpation syndrome?
Hans Seyle
78
Belief that we can influence our environment in ways that determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes
Perceived control
79
Belief in one's ability to carry out specific actions that produce desired outcomes
Self-efficacy
80
What is psychosematic diseases
Not imaginary, but rather caused (at least in part) my mental factors
81
Enduring Psychological disturbances following a major event.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
82
A key predictor of developing PTSD
Intensity of one's reaction at the time of the event.
83
Social support is an important _____ of stress.
Moderator
84
A disposition that is associated with strong stress resistance
Hardiness
85
3 qualities of hardiness
Commitment to a cause
Sense of control
Appetite for challenge
86
Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
Coping
87
Who came up with learned helplessness?
Martin Seligman
88
Passive behaviour produce by exposure to unavoidable aversive effects
Learned helplessness
89
Coping strategies of limited value
Self-blame (Negative self talk)
Self-indulgence
Learned Helplessness
Self-delusion
90
Attributing failures to personal shortcomings, focus only on negative feedback, results in pessimistic view.
Catastrophic thinking
91
Better to have _____ coping strategies than _____ strategies
flexible; consistent
92
```
Detecting and disputing rational self talk
Rational thinking
Using Positive reinterpretation
Finding humor in the situation
Turning to religon
```
Appraisal-focused strategies
93
```
Active problem solving
Seeking social support
Enhancing time management
Improving self-control
Becoming more assertive
```
Problem-focused strategies
94
```
Releasing pent-up emotions
Distracting oneself
Managing hostile feelings and forgiving others
Exercising
Meditating
Using systematic relaxation procedures
```
Emotion-focused strategies
95
What coping strategy involves using systematic problem solving?
Problem-focused
96
What coping strategy involves seeking help?
Problem-Focused
97
What coping strategy involves time management?
Problem-focused
98
Ability to understand you own and other's emotions and use this knowledge to guide your thinking and actions
Emotional intelligence
99
Four components of emotional intelligence
1. Accurately perceiving emotions in yourself and others.
2. Knowing how your emotions shape your thinking.
3. An understanding of complex or contradictory emotions.
4. Regulation of
emotions, especially negative ones.
100
Talking about traumatic events.
Emotional disclosure
101
Self-concepts also called
Self-schemas
102
Gauge for social comparisons
Festinger's social comparison theory
103
Thinking Ugly is bad for you ted talk
Meaghan Ramsey
104
Thinking Ugly is bad for you ted talk
Meaghan Ramsey
105
Group of techniques designed to turn one's consciousness away from the outer world toward one's inner cues and awareness
Meditation
106
Two types of meditation
Mindfulness
| Concentration
107
What is the key to meditation?
Relaxation
108
Low acceptance, high control parenting
Authoritarian
109
High acceptance, high control parenting
Authoritative
110
Low acceptance, low control parenting
Neglectful
111
High acceptance, low control parenting
Permissive
112
Measure of interpersonal popularity and sucess
Sociometer theory
113
The act of seeking a positive self-concept
Self-enhancement
114
Act of seeking an accurate self-concept
Self-assessment
115
BIRG
Basking in reflected glory
116
CORF
Cutting off reflected failure
117
Inferences people make that cause their behaviour
Self-attributions
118
One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes
Self-efficacy
119
One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes
Self-efficacy
120
Theory in which you have a limited amount of self-control
Ego depletion model of self-regulatiion
121
Who came up with the model of attribution?
Harold Kelley
122
Mental representations of objects or categories of objects
Schemas
123
Who preformed the line study?
Asch
124
Three types of selves
Actual, ideal and ought
125
Typically a child's self-concept is ____
concrete
126
As we mature we place less emphasis on physical characteristics and more on _______ _____ (Self-concept)
Psychological states
127
Actual vs ideal self
Disappointment
Dejection
Sadness
128
Actual vs ought
Anxiety
Irritability
Guilt
129
How people think they ought to be and is made up of the qualities that people think they should posess
Ought self
130
How people would ideally like to be and is made up of the qualities that people would like to have
Ideal self
131
Who came up with social discrepancy theory?
E. Troy Higgins
132
Overall assessment of your worth as a person
Self-esteem
133
The tendency to regard oneself as grandiosely self-important
Narcissism
134
Narcissism can lead to high _____ when their ego is threatened
agression
135
Two kinds of cognitive processes
Automatic and Controlled
136
People conserve resources by following simple rules when making judgments.
Cognitive miser model
137
(cognitive miser model) Rules based on ____ _____ and ____ _____
Past experiences and world knowledge
138
A person's desire for truthful information about themselves
Self-assessment motive
139
Drives people toward information that matches what they already believe about themselves.
Self-verification motive
140
Drive to understand ourselves to know how we can make ourselves better
Self-improvement motive
141
Tendency to seek positive and reject negative information about ourselves.
Self-enhancement
142
The attempt to get others to see them in a positive light
Self-enhancement
143
examples of self-enhancement strategies
Downward social comparison
self -serving bias
BIRG
self-handicapping
144
Tendency to attribute our sucesses to internal causes and our failures to external causes
Self-serving bias
145
The process of directing and controlling one's behavior
Self-regulation
146
According to the _____ people have a limited amount of self-control
Ego depletion model of self-regulation
147
4 sources of self-efficacy
Mastery experiences
Vicarious experiences
Persuasion and encouragement
Interpretation of emotional arousal
148
Seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person's self-interest
Self-defeating behaviours
149
3 categories of self-defeating behaviours
Deliberate self-destruction
Trade-offs
Counterproductive strategies
150
When verbal and nonverbal cues directly conflict, perceivers rely on _____ to interpret meaning
non-verbal cues
151
Example of information we use to form impressions of others.
Appearance
Verbal and nonverbal behaviour
Actions
Situations
152
An explanation for the cause of an event or behaviour
Attributions
153
Low consensus + high consistency + low distinctiveness
Internal Attribution
154
High consensus + High Consistency + High distinctiveness
External attribution
155
When people attribute the cause of others' behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities or feeling
Internal attributions
156
When people attribute the cause of others' behaviour to situational demands or environmental contraints
External attribution
157
When are we most likely to make attributions?
Behavior is unexpected
Events are personally relevant
Other's motives are suspicious
158
Snap judgements
Automatic
159
Systematic judgements
Controlled
160
Schemas aid in the ______ of events and the _______ of events.
Categorization; predictability
161
What do schemas encompass our knowledge of?
Ourselves
Other people
Special roles
Specific events
162
The tendency to search for or interpret new information in ways that confirm your expectations/beliefs while not pursuing disconfirming information
Confirmation bias
163
_____ question seek to confirm a hypothesis
Biased
164
_____ questions seek to test the accuracy of a hypothesis
Diagnostic
165
Expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy
166
Errors in person perception
Cognitive distortions
167
Cognitive distortions occur as a consequence of ______ ______
automatic processing
168
cognitive shortcuts in which we categorize people on the basis on nationality, race, gender, etc.
Social categorizations
169
People perceive similar individuals to be members of their _____ and dissimilar people to be members of the _____
ingroup; outgroup
170
3 results of social catgeorization
Negative attitudes
Outgroup homogeneity effect
Visibility
171
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a group
Stereotypes
172
Why are stereotypes functional?
They require less effort (cognitive miser)
173
A negative evaluation of a group, typically based on unfavourable (and often wrong) stereotypes about the group
Prejudice
174
Behaviour targeted at individuals or groups intended to hold them apart and treat them differently
Discrimination
175
3 examples of ways to combat prejudice
Contact hypothesis
Recategorization (work together toward shared goals)
Cooperative learning technique
176
Tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of others' behaviour and fail to take into account situational constraints
The fundamental attribution error
177
People from _______ cultures are most likely to engage in fundamental attribution error
Individualistic
178
Step 2 of fundamental attribution error requires ____
effort
179
Why do people believe they "get what they deserve"
Self-protective
180
Who preformed the line judgement studies?
Asch
181
When a person changes her or his attitudes or behaviours so they are consistent with those of other people or social norms
Conformity
182
Two types of social influence
Informational and normative
183
A change in public behaviour requested by another person or group even when private beliefs have not changed
Compliance
184
Principles of compliance
```
Friendship/liking
Scarcity
Authority
Commitment/consistency
Reciprocity
```
185
What compliance principle is foot in the door
consistency
186
What compliance principle of lowball
Consistency
187
What principle is door in the face?
Reciprocity
188
Compliance with the orders of another person or group, usually from someone in a position of authority
Obedience
189
Who preformed classic studies of obedience?
Stanley Milgram
190
Psychologists predicted how many people would go to maximum level in milgram's studies?
2%
191
How many people actually went to maximum level in Milgrim's studies
65%
192
When is obedience strongest?
Demands increase gradually
Others take responsibility for your actions
We are motivated to meet the authority figure's expectations
193
Elements of interpersonal communication
```
Sender
Receiver
Message
Channel
Noise
Context
```
194
Nonverbal communication conveys _____
emotion
195
Tibet people greet their friends by
sticking out their toungues
196
In bulgaria, nodding your head means ____
no
197
The study of people's use of interpersonal space
Proxemics
198
Culture-specific norms that govern the expression of emotions
Display rules
199
How many distinctive facial expressions did Ekman and Freisen indicate as universal
6
200
6 emotions that are universal
```
anger
disgust
fear
happiness
sadness
surprise
```
201
Eye contact is affected by ____ and ____
status; gender
202
Study of communication through body posture
Kinesics
203
Includes all vocal cues other than the content of the verbal message itself
Paralanguage
204
Ability to encode and decode non-verbal cues
Non-verbal sensitivity
205
Where and when to display emotion
Display rules
206
Response to communication apprehension
Communication avoidance
207
What is not related to lying
Talking speed
Number of pauses
Amount of posture shifting
Amount of eye-contact
208
Most reliable detectors of lying.
```
Voice pitch increases
People say less
People touch themselves more
Tension increases
Less unusual content
```
209
Polygraph tests are best conceptualized as ____ ____
emotion detectors
210
The act of sharing information about yourself with another person
Self-disclosure
211
Steps of signaling interest
Face towards person
Don't cross arms/legs
Maintain eye contact
Nod head
212
Steps of Active listening
Attend and process info
Listen before responding
Seek clarification
Paraphrase
213
Styles of managing conflict
```
Avoiding/withdrawing
Accommodating
Competing/forcing
Compromising
Collaborating
```
214
Two dimensions of managing conflict
Concern for self
| Concern for others
215
Close relationships generally involve intimate _______
self-disclosure
216
Recipe for romance
Proximity
Familiarity
Physical attractiveness
217
#1 predictor of date satisfaction for males
Physical attractiveness
218
Things that people agree on as attractive features.
1. symmetrical faces
2. average faces
3. Physique
4. Facial features
219
What facial features are more attractive for women
Large eyes, prominent cheekbones, small bones, and a wide smile
220
What facial features are more attractive for men
Broad jaws, chiseled features
221
Recipe for romance
Proximity
Familiarity
Physical attractiveness
Reciprocity
222
What did the 1965 Byrne and Nelson study show?
Students with similar attitudes reported more attraction to each other
223
Commitment in a relationship is a function of
Satisfaction- Alternatives+ Investments
224
Theory that states relationships are about resource acquisition
Social exchange theory
225
Rewards- cost=
Outcome
226
Outcome-Comparison-
Satisfaction
227
Satisfaction-comparison level for alternatives+investments-
Commitment
228
For Social exchange theory, satisfaction n a relation is a function of your what?
Personal comparison level
229
A strong emotional tie a person feels toward special people in his or her life
Attachment
230
Commonalities between infant and romantic attachments
Intense fascination with other person
Distress at separation
Make an effort to stay close and spend time together
231
Differences between infant and romantic attachments
Infant care giving one-sided rather than mutual
| Sexual element to romantic attachments
232
First psychologists to study attachment
John Bowlby
233
Why did John Bowlby argue that an emotional tie to the caregiver evolved?
Because it promotes survival
234
Who examined separation anxiety?
Mary Ainsworth
235
When did Ainsworth say that separation anxiety developed?
7-8 months
236
Fear response in which the infant protests the departure of the caregiver
Separation Anxiety
237
Who created the strange situation study?
Mary Ainsworth
238
Three attachment styles
Secure
Avoidant
Anxious-Ambivalent
239
Venture away from mother to explore, are upset when she leaves, not well comforted by a stranger, quickly calm down when she returns
Secure Attachment
240
Unconcerned when mother leaves, equally comfortable with (and comforted by) mother and stranger, do not immediately go to mother when she returns
Avoidant attachment
241
Does not venture away from mother to explore, becomes angry when she leaves
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
242
Attachment styles least likely to have positive relationship
Avoidant attachment
243
Obsessed and preoccupied with their relationships
Anxious-ambivalent
244
Who came up with triangular theory of love
Sternberg
245
Intimacy + passion
Romantic love
246
Intimacy alone
Liking
247
intimacy + commitment
Compassionate Love
248
Commitment alone
Empty love
249
Passion + Commitment
Fatuous love
250
Passion alone
Infatuation
251
Intimacy+ passion+commitment
Consummate love
252
Ted Talk body language
Amy Cuddy
253
Widely shared beliefs about a person's abilities, personality traits, and social behavior that differ on the basis of gender
Gender Stereotypes
254
An orientation toward action and accomplishment- refers to masculine traits
Instrumentality
255
An orientation toward emotion and relationships- refers to feminine traits
Expressiveness
256
The belief that the male is the norm
Androcentrism
257
Combines the statistical results of many studies of the same questions, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of the variable's effects
Meta-anaylsis
258
Combines the statistical results of many studies of the same questions, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of the variable's effects
Meta-anaylsis
259
Based on the meta-analyses, there are more gender similarities than differences. When there are differences, they are small.
Gender similarities hypothesis
260
Although there are no gender difference in _____ intelligence, there are subtle differences in _____ cognitive abilities
Overall; specific
261
____ start speaking sooner, have larger vocabularies and better reading scores
Girls
262
____ fare better on verbal analogies, but are also more likely to stutter or suffer from dyslexia
Boys
263
____ have a more positive attitude toward math
Males
264
In high school, ___ start to outperform ____ in complex math problem solving
Boys; girls
265
____ outperform ___ at the high end of the mathematical ability distrubution
males; females
266
Research suggests differences in gender for math is due to difference in _____
socialization
267
The largest gender difference in cognitive abilities is in ____ ____
Spatial abilities
268
____ and ____ can improve mental rotation in both genders
Experience; training
269
Females score somewhat lower than males on measures of _____ self-esteem
global
270
There are larger gender differences in self-esteem in ____ and ____ income levels
Lower; middle
271
Behavior that is intended to hurt someone, whether physically or verbally
Aggression
272
Gender differences in aggression depends on the ____ it takes
form
273
Males are consistently more likely to engage in ____ and ____ aggression
Physical; verbal
274
Male-to-female arrest ratio in Canada is...
5:1
275
Women charged with commiting ___% of all crime in Canada
17%
276
Behaviours that hurt another's feelings
Relational agression
277
Behaviour that do not involve confront the target directly
Indirect aggression
278
Females more typically engage in ____ and ____ aggression
Relational; Indirect
279
___ talk and interrupt more than do ____
Men; women
280
Antisocial behavior, alcoholism, and substance abuse disorders are more common in ___
men
281
____ are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, PTSD, and eating disorders
Women
282
____ are more likely to self- harm
Females
283
____ attempt suicide more often, but ___ have more completed suicides
Females; males
284
Differences seem larger because they are exaggerated in our culture
Social role theory
285
Differences also seem larger because we construct our own realities in accordance with societal expectations
Social constructionism theory
286
______ psychologists argue these differences come from a time in which different demands were placed on males and females for survival
Evolutionary
287
Males have more ____ specialization than females
Celebral
288
Females have a larger ____ _____ which allows greater communication between hemispheres when completing similar tasks
Corpus Callosum
289
Chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands
Hormones
290
____ plays an important role in sexual desire for both men and women
Testosterone
291
Children learned gendered behaviour by observe and imitate adults
Social Learning theory
292
As children develop schemas for other things around them, they also develop a schema for their gender and adjust their behaviour to it
Gender Schema Theory
293
According to _____, young children are especially likely to imitate same-gender adults
social cognitive theory
294
Occurs when a child's behaviour is influenced by observing others, who are called ____
models
295
Gender roles are shaped by consequences
Reinforcement and punishment
296
Bechdal test requirements
- Are there two or more women in it who have names?
- Do they talk to each other?
- Do they talk to each other about something other than a man.
297
Two common problems are associated with sexism
- Economic discrimination
| - Aggression towards women
298
Sexism that appears subjectively positive but are actually damaging to people and gender equity more broadly
Benevolent sexism
299
5 Myths about mental illness
1. only weak people suffer from mental problems
2. People with mental disorders are lazy
3. People with mental issues can "get rid of" it if they want to
4. People who are mentally ill are violent
5. With time, it will go away by itself
300
The ____ proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease
Medical model
301
Abnormal behaviour is characterized by 3 things
1. Deviance
2. Maladaptive behaviour
3. Distressing
302
Who did the study on sane people going to psychiatric hospitals?
Rosenhan
303
DSM means
Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders
304
3 Goals of DSM-5
1. To provide a system for diagnosing disorders according to observable behaviour
2. To improve the reliability of diagnoses
3. To make diagnoses consistent with research evidence and practical experience
305
When individuals meet the criteria of 2+ conditions
Comorbidity
306
Chronic High level of anxiety, not tied to any specific threat
Generalized anxiety disorder
307
Lifetime percentage of generalized anxiety disorder
5-6%
308
Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and execpectedly
Panic Disorder
309
Lifetime prevalence of Panic Disorder
3.5%
310
People hide in their homes out of fear of the outside world
Agoraphobia
311
An excessive, persistent and irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations that present no realistic danger
Phobias
312
Anxiety involving a fear of and desire to avoid situations where one might be scrutinized by others
Social phobia
313
Lifetime prevalence of social phobia
13%
314
Lifetime prevalence of specific phobias.
10%
315
Persistent uncontrollable thoughts that cause compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life
Obsessive- Compulsive disorder
316
Lifetime prevalence of OCD
2-3%
317
3 Categories of symptoms of PTSD
- Re-experiencing the event
- Avoidance and emotional numbing
- Changes in sleeping patterns and increased alertness
318
Lifetime prevalence of PTSD.
8%
319
Some people are more sensitive to internal physiological symptoms of anxiety and overreact with fear when they occur
Anxiety sensitivity theory
320
Brain's neurotransmitters may underlie anxiety
GABA
321
Reasons people are more likely to experience anxiety disorders.
- Misinterpret harmless situations as threatening
- Focus excess attention on perceived threats
- Selectively recall information that seems threatening
322
_____ conditioning may cause fear of a particular object or scenario
Classical
323
Avoidance is negatively reinforced through ____ conditioning
Operant
324
Persistent feelings of sadness & despair, loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure, sleep and appetite difficulties
Major Depressive Disorder
325
Lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
13-14%
326
Major depressive disorder _x more common in women in NA
2
327
% of people with depression that experience a repeat episode
75-95%
328
Bipolar was formerly known as....
Manic depression
329
Manic Phase
Rapid speech, inflated self-esteem, impulsiveness, euphoria, decreased need for sleep
330
Depressed phase
Moody and sad, feelings of hopelessness
331
Lifetime prevalence of Bipolar
1%
332
Gender differences in bipolar
No differences
333
_____ rates suggest there is a genetic basis for mood disorders
Concordance
334
Concordance rates for identical twins
65-72%
335
Concordance rates for fraternal twins
14%
336
Mood disorders are correlated with low levels of two neurotransmitters in the brain
Norepinephrine
| Seratonin
337
Depression is correlated with reduced ______ volume
hippocampal
338
What may play a central role in the regulation of mood and depression
neurogenisis
339
(Hormonal) Overactivity in the ___ axis in response to stress may play a role in the development of depression
HPA
340
Beck's negative triad
Negative view of the self, negative view of the world, negative view of the future
341
Class of disorders marked by disturbance in thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional processes
Schizophrenia
342
Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia
1%
343
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations, disordered behaviour, disorganized speech
344
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Disturbed emotion, alogia, avolition
345
Concordance rates for identical twins for anxiety disorders
65-72%
346
Concordance rates for fraternal twins for anxiety disorders
14%
347
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Disturbed emotion, alogia, avolition
348
Concordance in identical twins of schizophrenia
48%
349
Concordance in fraternal twins for schizophrenia
17%
350
Schizophrenia is linked with the transmitter ____
dopamine
351
brain imaging scans have shown that patients with schizophrenia have enlarged brain ___
ventricles (fluid-filled holes in the brain)
352
disruptions in the normal maturational processes of the brain before or at birth may contribute in part to schizophrenia
Neurodevelopmental hypothesis
353
____ may interact with genetic vulnerability to trigger the onset of schizophrenia
Stress
354
Characterized by profound impairment of social interaction and communication and by severely restricted interests and activities
Autism spectrum disorder
355
Rote repetition of others' words
Echolalia
356
Lifetime prevalence of autism
1%
357
How many times more likely is Autism in boys than girls.
4-5
358
Most theorists believe Autism has ____ origins
biological
359
All forms of therapy will involve ____ and _____
Therapist and clinic
360
What are the three main categories of therapy
1. Insight therapies
2. Behaviour therapies
3. Biomedical therapies
361
___% of North Americans seek mental health services each year
15
362
____ and _____ most common reasons for treatment
anxiety and depression
363
Who is most likely to see treatment?
Women; people with more education
364
Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioural problems
Clinical and counseling psychologists.
365
Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders
Psychiatrist
366
Clinical and counseling psychologists require a _____
doctorate
367
Clinical and counseling psycholgists are more likely to use ______ methods.
Behavioural
368
Psychiatrists earn an ___
M.D.
369
Psychiatrists typically emphasize ____ therapies
Drug
370
Psychologists cannot prescribe ____
medication
371
Involve verbal interactions intended to enhance clients' self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behaviour
Insight therapies
372
Insight therapies include what 3 things.
1. Psychoanalysis
2. Client-centered therapy
3. Cognitive therapy
373
Emphasize the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses.
Psychoanalysis
374
Who developed psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
375
Two techniques that require interpretation of clues about unconscious conflicts
1. Free association
| 2. Dream Analysis
376
Free association and dream analysis require ______ of clues about unconscious conflicts
interpretation
377
Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy
Reisistance
378
When clients start relating to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
Transference
379
An insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy
Client-centered therapy
380
Client centered therapy is rooted in what?
Humanistic perspective and the work of Carl Rogers
381
Client-centered therapies try to foster ______ and ____ ____ in clients
Self-acceptance; personal growth
382
Client Centered therapies help clients re-structure _____ to fit better with reality
Self-concept
383
Rogers believed 3 elements were necessary to promote positive changes in therapy
1. Genuineness
2. Unconditional positive regard
3. Empathy
384
Goal of therapy in client-centered therapy
Help the client become more aware of and comfortable with their genuine selves.
385
Treatment that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive behaviours.
Cognitive Therapy
386
Cognitive therapy is based on the notion that depression is caused by errors in thinking that make depressed people more likely to:
1. Blame their setbacks on personal inadequacies
2. Focus on selectively negative events
3. Make overly pessimistic projections about the future
4. Draw negative conclusions about their self-worth
387
(Cognitive errors that promote depression) If it is true in one case, it applies to any case that is even slightly similar
Overgeneralization
388
(Cognitive errors that promote depression) The only events that matter are failures, deprivation, and so on.
Selective abstraction
389
(Cognitive errors that promote depression) I am responsible for all bad things, failures and so on.
Excessive responsibility
390
(Cognitive errors that promote depression) If it is true in the past, then it is always going to be true
Assuming temporal causality
391
(Cognitive errors that promote depression) I am the center of everyone's attention, especially when it comes to bad performances or personal attributes.
Self-references
392
Always think of the worst. it is most likely to happen to you.
Catastophizing
393
Everything is either one extreme or another
Dichotomous thinking
394
Main goal in cognitive therapy
to change the way clients think
395
Therapists try to help clients do 2 things in cognitive therapy.
1. Detect and recognize automatic negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
2. use more reasonable standards of evaluation.
396
Patients should see results after __ sessions in insight therapy
10
397
Involve the application of the principles of learning to change clients' maladaptive behaviours
Behaviour therapies
398
Behaviour theory is based on two assumptions
1. Behaviour is a product of learning
| 2. What has been learned can be unlearned
399
Behaviour therapy used to reduce clients' anxiety through counterconditioning
Systematic desensitization
400
Goal of systematic desenstization
Break down association between CS and CR of anxiety
401
First step of behaviour desensitization
Build a fear hierarchy
402
Second step of behaviour therapy
Trained in deep muscle relaxation
403
Third step of behaviour therapy
Pairs the learned relaxation with each step of the hierarchy
404
Behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
Aversion therapy
405
Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
Biomedical therapies
406
2 biomedical therapies
Drug Therapy
| Electroconvulsive therapy
407
Treatment of mental disorders with medication
Psychopharmacotherapy (or drug therapy)
408
4 main categories of therapeutic drugs
1. Antianxiety
2. Antipsychotic
3. Antidepressant
4. Mood Stabilizers
409
Used to relieve tension apprehension and nervousness
Antianxiety drugs
410
Used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions
Antipsychotic drugs
411
Antipsychotics work ___ and reduce symptoms in __% of patients
gradually; 70
412
Irreversible neurological disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements
tardive dyskinesia
413
Used to gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression
Antidepressant drugs
414
Most commonly used antidepressants are ___
SSRI's
415
SSRI's work by affecting the neurotransmitter
Seratonin
416
Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders
Mood stabilizers
417
____ has long been used to treat bipolar disorder, but has dangerous side effects
Lithium
418
Critics argue that drug therapies only treat ___, not underlying ____ of disorders
symptoms; causes
419
Borrow ideas, insights, and techniques from a variety of sources while tailoring their intervention strategy t the unique needs of each client
Eclectic therapies
420
barriers for minorities to seek therapy
culture, language, institutional
421
Factors that depend on success rate of therapies
Disorder being treated, severity, and specific person
