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Psych Exam Key Terms > psych exam 1 key terms > Flashcards

psych exam 1 key terms Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

statistics

A

a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

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2
Q

population

A

the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study

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3
Q

sample

A

a set of individuals selected from a population

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4
Q

variable

A

characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

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5
Q

data

A

measurements or observations

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6
Q

data set

A

a collection of measurements or observations

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7
Q

datum

A

is a single measurement or observation and can be called (raw)score

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8
Q

raw score/score

A

a datum

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9
Q

parameter

A

a (numerical) value that describes a population

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10
Q

statistic

A

a (numerical) value that describes a sample

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11
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

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12
Q

inferential statistics

A

techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about that population

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13
Q

sampling error

A

naturally occurring error between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

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14
Q

constructs

A

internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for behavior

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15
Q

operational definition

A

it describes a set of operations for measuring a construct. It defines the contract in terms of the resulting measurements

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16
Q

discrete variable

A

separate, indivisible categories. no values can exist between two neighboring categories

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17
Q

continuous variable

A

an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. Is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.

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18
Q

real limits

A

the boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line

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19
Q

upper real limit

A

at the top of the score of a real limit

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20
Q

lower real limit

A

at the bottom of the score of a real limit

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21
Q

nominal scale

A

consists of a set of categories that have different name. Measurements do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations

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22
Q

ordinal scale

A

a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Observed in terms of size or magnitude

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23
Q

interval scale

A

ordering categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. (does not indicate a zero amount)

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24
Q

ratio scale

A

an interval scale with the additional feature that a score of zero indicates none of the variable being measured. (ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude)

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25
descriptive research/strategy
measuring one or more separate variables for each individual with intent of describing the individual variables
26
correlation method
two different variable are observed to determine if there is a relationship between them
27
experiment method
one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured
28
independent variable
the variable that is manipulated
29
dependent variable
Is observed to assess the effect of the treatment
30
control condition
individuals reciter either no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment. Used to compare with experimental condition
31
experimental condition
individuals who receive experimental treatment
32
nonequivalent groups study
33
pre-post study
34
quasi-independent variable
the "independent variable" that is used to create the different groups of scores
35
frequency distribution
an organized tabulation showing the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement
36
range
37
group frequency distribution
38
class interval
39
apparent limits
40
histogram
41
relative frequency
42
symmetrical distribution
it is possible to draw a vertical lime through the middle so that one side of the distribution is a mirror image of the other
43
positively skewed distribution
a skewed distribution with the tail on the right hand side (points to the positive side)
44
negatively skewed distribution
a skewed distribution with the tail on the left hand side (points to the negative side)
45
central tendency
a statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the center of a distribution (find the single score)
46
weighted mean
47
bimodal
48
multimodal
49
major mode
50
minor mode
51
variability
provides a quantitative ,easier of the differences between scores in a distribution and describes the degree to which the scores are spread out or clustered together
52
deviation (score)
53
variance
equals the mean of the squared deviations. the average squared distance from the mean
54
standard deviation
the square root of the variance and provides a measure of the standard, or average distance from the mean
55
population variance (o^2)
represented by the symbol s2 and equals the mean squared distance from the mean. Is obtained by dividing the sum of squares (SS) by N
56
sample variance (s^2)
equals the mean squared distance from the mean. Is obtained by diving the sum of squares (SS) by n-1
57
degree of freedom (df)
determines the number of scores in the same that are independent and free to vary (df=n-1)
58
unbiased statistic
a sample statistic is unbiased if the average value of the statistic is equal to the population parameter
59
linear equation (correlation)
describes the relationship between X and Y. can be expressed by: Y=bX+a. Describes: direction, form, and strength or consistency
60
regression
technique for finding the best fitting straight line for a set of data (the straight line is a regression line)
61
theoretical (social research)
much of the research is concerned with developing, exploring, or testing theories or ideas that social researchers have about how the world operates
62
empirical research
based on direct observation and measurements of reality
63
casual
(pertaining to cause-effect question/hypothesis/relationship) something is casual if it leads to an outcome or makes an outcome happen
64
casual relationship
a cause-effect relationship
65
relational studies
a study that investigates the connection between two or more variables
66
casual studies
a study investigates a casual relationship between two variables
67
68
cross sectional study
a study that takes place at a single point in time
69
repeated measures
two or more waves or measurement over time
70
variable
any entity that can take on different values
71
quantitative
a numerical representation of some object. This type of variable is measured using numbers
72
attribute
a specific value of a variable
73
exhaustive
The property of a variable that occurs when you include all possible answerable responses
74
mutually exclusive
the property of a variable that ensures that the respondent is not able to assign two attributes simultaneously
75
coding
the process of categorizing qualitative data
76
content analysis
the analysis of text documents. Can be qualitative, quantitative, or both. Major purpose of content analysis is to identify patterns in text
77
exception dictionary
a dictionary that included words like "is, and, of" in a content analysis study
78
phenomenology
a philosophical perspective as well as an approach to qualitative methodology that focuses on peoples subjective experiences and interpretations of the world
79
qualitative
the descriptive nonnumerical characteristics of some objects. A descriptive nonnumerical observation
80
validity
the best available approximation of the truth of a given proposition, inference, or conclusion
81
conclusion validity
the degree to which conclusions you reach about relationships in your data are reasonable
82
internal validity
the approximate truth of inferences regarding cause-effect or casual relationships
83
construct validity
the degree to which inferences can legitimately be made from the operationalizations in your study to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations are based
84
external validity
the degree to which the conclusion in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times
85
threats to validity
reasons your conclusion or inferences might be wrong
86
average item-total correlation
an estimate of internal consistency reliability where you first create a total score across all items and then compute the correlation of each item with the total
87
average inter-item correlation
an estimate of internal consistency reliability that uses the average of the correlations of all pairs of items
88
Cohens Kappa
a statistical estimate of inter-rater agreement or reliability that is more robust than percent agreement because it adjusts for the probability that some agreement is due to random chance
89
concurrent validity
an operationalizations ability to distinguish between groups that it should theoretically be able to distinguish between
90
content validity
a check of the operationalization against the relevant content domain for the construct
91
convergent validity
the degree to which the operationalization is similar to other operationalizations to which it should be theoretically similar
92
criterion related validity
the validity of a measure based on its relationship to another independent measure as predicted by your theory of how the measure should behave
93
Cronbachs Alpha
one specific method of estimating the internal consistency reliability of a measure.
94
inter-rater or inter-observer reliability
the degree of agreement or correlation between the ratings or coding of two independent raters or observers of the same phenomenon
95
internal consistency reliability
a correlation that asses the degree to which items on the same multi-item instrument are interrelated
96
interval level of measurement
measuring a variable on a scale where the distance between numbers is interpretable
97
level of measurement
the relationship between numerical values on a measure
98
mono-method bias
a threat to construct validity that occurs because you use only a single method of measurement
99
predictive validity
a type of constrict validity based on the idea that your measure is able to predict what is theoretically should be able to predict
100
ratio level of measurement
measuring a variable on a scale where the distance between numbers is interpretable and there I an absolute zero value
101

Psych Exam Key Terms (6 decks)

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