Psych Exam 11/18/22 Flashcards

Question

phallic (Freudian theory of personality)

Answer 1

3-6 years old Oedipal or Electra complex - fixation on opposite sex parents, gives way to identification with same-sex parent

Answer 2

bonds btw infant and caregiver will influence individual's interaction with others throughout the lifespan

Answer 3

B - secure: comfortable with relationships, easily formed (65% in US) C - anxious: want relationships, but insecure (10-15%) A - avoidant: dismissive of relationships (30-25%)

Answer 4

warm responsive parenting

Answer 5

unreliably responsive parenting - parent warm when available but not always available

Answer 6

parent unavailable/unresponsive - infant learns to self-soothe

Answer 7

give child interesting toys, mother leaves and then she comes back 3 stages - explore, separate, reunite

Answer 8

explore, upset when mother leaves, can easily and quickly be comforted

Answer 9

clingy, upset when mother leaves, cannot be comforted easily

Answer 10

ignore, don't act upset when mother leaves (but show increased HR), don't greet upon return

Answer 11

original Ainsworth study kids studied as young adults in college (all female, brought boyfriends) No differences in waiting rooms apparent until the stress of “pain” study (attachment patterns emerge primarily when under stress) Stressor: giant machine with claws and sparks, told the women that it would cause pain but no damage

Answer 12

sought and received comfort

Answer 13

clingy, not comforted

Answer 14

sat further away from partner, did not mention it

Answer 15

personality dispositions are shaped through development, prior experience from lasting habits and expectancies

Answer 16

modeling - children will imitate and internalize the behaviors of adults or peers that they like or that they see rewarded (having an optimistic or grateful mindset)

Answer 17

extent to which believe influential forces lie within (internal) vs outside (external) the individual

Answer 18

parenting practices that are responsive to the child and encourage independent exploration encourage an internal locus of control, whereas those that control the child's environment and schedule the child's activities can lead to a more external locus of control (helicopter parenting)

Answer 19

beliefs about the self's own ability and competence can be domain-specific (ex athletics or academics) high self-efficacy → greater persistence on challenging tasks young children who are sheltered from failure/mistakes have lower efficacy in those domains

Answer 20

don't emphasize early development, free will + growth individual plays major role in shaping own personality, we differ in what we strive for

Answer 21

process by which people strive to fulfill their individual potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding (top of Maslow's pyramid)

Answer 22

ideal self: who one hopes to be ought self: who one thinks one should be actual self: who one is right now ideal-actual incongruity can lead to depression ought-actual incongruity can lead to anxiety

Answer 23

theory that situational norms determine behavior at any specific time point more than personality traits

Answer 24

most likely to determine behavior (funerals, job interviews, classrooms) because the social norms of how to behave in that situation are strong

Answer 25

fewer norms, so people can behave freely and naturally (parties, parks, hanging out) - personality can often predict behavior in weak situations

Answer 26

situations change across time, but personality remains relatively stable - personality predicts behavioral patterns across time but for any single instance of behavior the prediction is made by social situation

Answer 27

study of how our thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by the real, implied or imagined presence of others

Answer 28

keeping track of who is a friend/can be trusted reading social cues and adapting one's behavior accordingly animals who live in social groups are more intelligent than "loners" (social Meerkats are much more intelligent than their relative, the more solitary Slender mongoose) even within social groups, animals who live in larger groups require larger brains

Answer 29

we need each other to survive - negative consequences if belonging needs are unmet high-quality social connections are often the largest determinant of happiness and overall life satisfaction across cultures

Answer 30

the largest predictor of poor physical and mental health lonely individuals have: poorer sleep quality, lower immune function (higher rates of infections and slower wound healing) poorer mental health (higher rates of depression) higher rates of cardiovascular disease higher mortality rates from numerous diseases

Answer 31

pay attention to and remember more social information become better at reading emotional facial expressions (true vs false smiles) become better at understanding emotional vocal tones become better at perspective-taking (understanding others' point of view) become more cooperative at group tasks

Answer 32

we want to be liked, Asch's conformity and line length study

Answer 33

we want to be right, whenever the situation is ambiguous we look to others for the right answer ex. deciding to try a new restaurant - see whether other people are eating there what to purchase at a store - buy the one that looks "scarcer" as it implies that others buy it "mask culture" - social norms a better predictor of whether a person would wear a mask than knowledge/infomration

Answer 34

yielding to real or imagined social pressure

Answer 35

1 participant, 5 confederates, when the confederates gave the wrong answer - 76% conformed on at least 1 trial (dropped if answers weren't aloud)

Answer 36

normative = we want to be liked, and will do what it takes to get along informational = if ambiguous situation, look to others

Answer 37

liking for a group increases conformity = normative

Answer 38

increasing numbers increases conformity = can be normative or informational

Answer 39

even one ally reduces conformity = normative - even if ally is expected tobe "incompetent" at the task ("legally blind" ally) - even if ally has difference view

Answer 40

everyone was focused on personality features (ex the authoritarian personality, German parenting styles, etc) Milgram focused on the power of the social situation Yale "teacher/learner" studies - broad American community sample regular audience - less than 5% will go all the way clinical psychologists - around 1-3% will go all the way 65% of people went all the way to the end: - power of the situation, paradigm shift in psychology are we cruel? no

Answer 41

moved to less reputable lab and made the experimenter dislikeable - would have stopped if normative, changed nothing made the learner a woman - no made the teacher a woman - no but seeing another person refusing to follow orders caused a 10% drop because of informational influence

Answer 42

small requests are granted more often if first get a refusal of a large request - more likely to take delinquents to the zoo if asked (and refuse) to work with them twice a week for six months = compromise

Answer 43

more likely to comply with a request after being given a small token (why charities send calendars or address labels with request, if given a small gift we feel more obligated)

Answer 44

large requests are granted more often if preceded by a small request (because we want to be consistent with our past self) - canned goods study: agreeing to do a small phone survey made it more likely folks would later agree to allow a day-long inventory

Answer 45

change terms of agreement after verbal commitment, still get compliance (car sales are infamous for this)

Answer 46

deviance from social norms of acceptability - "abnormal" differs across cultures and crosses and across times in history (ex Great Depression: no one threw away anything, now the same behavior would be considers hoarding)

Answer 47

interferes with at least one large sphere of life - work, relationships etc

Answer 48

or risk of harm to self/others one can behave very differently from social norms but if its not maladaptive or increased distress it is not a disorder

Answer 49

generally more severe, can be temporary or long-lasting, resulting in low level of functioning and/or high distress, leading to a diagnosis

Answer 50

milder disorders, longstanding, usually a higher level of functioning, may not necessarily seek treatment

Answer 51

provides common language/dictionary for professionals to discuss common clusters of symptoms

Answer 52

highest prevalence - 30% for lifetime, 1% college students subclinical anxiety severe, irrational fear or worry that disrupts functioning

Answer 53

chronic high level of anxiety without a specific focus "free-floating" anxiety hypervigilance - attentional bias toward potential threats

Answer 54

specific fear of an object or action, irrationally exaggerated, interferes with life simple phobias: role of evolutionary preparedness in prevalence of targets of simple phobia

Answer 55

fear of speaking, eating, or performing in public or of social interaction more generally most prevalent phobia 5-13% of general population emerges in teen years risk factor: inhibited temperament

Answer 56

recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety and terror feels like you are dying, overwhelming sense of doom fear of attack is more debilitating than the attacks themselves moderately heritable (40%) triggered by life stressor resutls in "anxiety sensitivity" an oversensitivity to one's own physiological responses

Answer 57

intrusive anxiety-provoking thoughts, sometimes with uncontrollable urges to reduce anxiety fully aware of the irrationality of these thoughts

Answer 58

ritualistic actions that reduce anxiety, often linked to obsessions

Answer 59

- cleanliness/order - the safety of home or family - harm to others

Answer 60

obsessions sometimes may be caused by damage to caudate nucleus (after viral infection or autoimmune) leading to intrusive thoughts compulsions thought to be compensation and result from operant conditioning, specifically a reflection of negative reinforcement an action that reduces anxiety is repeated and can become a compulsion

Answer 61

presence of sad, empty or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly impact and individual's ability to function

Answer 62

duration, timing and etiology

Answer 63

depressed mood and/or diminished interest/pleasure most of the day nearly every day 5 or more symptoms duration: 2-weeks impact: significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

Answer 64

depressed mood most of the day nearly every day 2 or more symptoms duration: 2 years without a break lasting more than 2 months at a time impact: significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

Answer 65

5 or more symptoms one of which must be marked irritability,depressed mood or anxiety duration: present in final week before the onset of menses and start to improve within a few days of the start of menses and become minimal/absent in the week post menses impact: significant distress of impairment in important areas of functioning

Answer 66

symptoms characteristic of a depressive disorder that cause significant distress or impairment to daily life but do not meet full creitieria for any disorders

Answer 67

seasonal pattern: regular and temporal relationship btw onset of depression and a particular time of year, full remissions also occur at characteristic time of year happened at least twice in the past 2 years

Answer 68

onset of mood symptoms occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery

Answer 69

heritable - twin studies polygenetic - no one gene for depression involves more than one monoamine (norepinephrine, serotonin)

Answer 70

diathesis-stress model - describes the trajectory of symptoms as the result of an interaction btw a predispositions vulnerability (the diathesis) and stress caused by life experiences life stress - chronic/acute, interpersonal/nonpersonal, threat/loss

Answer 71

overgneralizing, catastrophizing, black and white thinking, personalization

Answer 72

believe they are unable to control their life, negative events are stable and global, positive events are few and far between and local

Answer 73

non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation desire, intent and plan protective factors - social support, fear of death/dying, pets and children

Answer 74

"split mind" disturbances of though that spill over to affect perceptual, social and emotional processes - low prevalence (0.5-1%)

Answer 75

emerges/diagnoses in late teens and 20s deterioration in function due to: - delusions/irrational thought - hallucinations - disorganized incoherent speech - disorganized/strange behavior - disturbed emotional expressions/flat affect

Answer 76

positive symptoms: presence of experiences that are non-normative = hallucinations, delusions negative symptoms: absence of experiences that are normative = flat affect, lack of motivation or lack of sociality positive symptoms are easier to great than negative, negative more common in men

Answer 77

hereditary predisposition, twice in relation in identical twins vs fraternal twins (50% likelihood if twin is diagnosed)

Answer 78

overabundance of dopamine, differences in structure (larger ventricles) inefficient neurotransmission due to abnormal glial cells/myelin

Answer 79

virus hypothesis, flu in mom when pregnant (2nd trimester) associated with schizophrenia

Answer 80

stress is a factor in both onset and relapse, being raised in urban environment doubles the risk, family dysfunction increases risk

Answer 81

substance use that causes impairment of important life domains and/or stress classified as mild, moderate or severe depending on how many of the diagnostic criteria you meet (11 DSM-5 criteria)

Answer 82

physical or psychological problems time spent using hazardous use social or interpersonal problems neglected major roles activities are given up withdrawal tolerance larger amounts/longer craving repeated attempts to control use or quit

Answer 83

hypothesis: dopamine "wanting" or reward pathway adapts to chronic drug stimulation - hijacked to motivate and reward drug use and ignore other behavior feel unpleasant withdrawal symptoms cravings that can only be alleviated by more drug use, thus drugs become highly negatively reinforcing

Answer 84

30-60% heritable "addictive personality": more neurotic, less conscientious and less agreeable, more impulsive (lower activation of orbital frontal cortex)

Answer 85

rats in empty cage will self-administer morphine until they die, but put in an open space together (rat park) they stop taking the morphine, even if you lace the morphine-water with glucose and even if you get them all "addicted" before putting them in rat park Alexandar's conclusion: anxious, terrified, isolated rats choose to cope by taking morphie

Answer 86

after the VW only 12% of American soldiers who were addicted to heroin in Vietnam stayed addicted when they came home - shows influence of environment and influence of trauma implies there are lots of people who experience trauma in drug-friendly environments who might use but don't become addicted when the environment changes to become more supportive/less stressful

Answer 87

treatment of disordered "brain", most common drug treatment

Answer 88

treatment of disordered "mind", several varieties used for different disorders

Answer 89

dopamine antagonists, effective for decreasing positive symptoms

Answer 90

target serotonin, norepinephrine and/or dopamine

Answer 91

GABA agonists, may be addictive most useful for short term therapy, paired with behavioral therapy, long term use recently linked to risk for Alzheimer's

Answer 92

ketamine = infusions result in rapid effects psilocybin - still being explored also works on glutamate and may be longer lasting (not FDA approved yet) anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer 93

TMS over the left frontal regions has been studied as potential treatment for depression deep brain stimulation of the caudate nucleus has been successful in treating OCD

Answer 94

Assumption → source of problems is unconscious conflict “Insight” therapy → verbal interactions between therapist and client designed to enhance self-knowledge and produce psychological change Purpose = to discover unconscious conflicts and motives that are causing symptoms

Answer 95

(therapist looks for slips of the tongue or dream symbols) taps the unconscious Often old relationships reenacted in transference to therapist Therapist seen as having all the answers, does all interpretation

Answer 96

Assumption → client can heal themselves with support and assistance in clarifying their own thoughts

Answer 97

purpose = to lead to self-awareness and self-acceptance client-paced conversations about troubling issues in their lives - therapist reflects back what the client said to enable clarification

Answer 98

client is seen as having all the answers, therapist is there in a supporting role to help the client understand own feelings

Answer 99

Assumptions → source of the problem is unhelpful/unhealthy patterns of thinking that can be changed (with CBT also emphasis on adding better-coping behaviors) purpose - lead to rational thoughts and perceptions of self and problems

Answer 100

gentle change, therapist is warm and non-confrontational, gives homework assignments to help client restructure beliefs

Answer 101

therapist assertively confronts "irrational beliefs"

Answer 102

clients are asked to pay attention to these thoughts and taught to replace maladaptive thoughts with more adaptive patterns

Answer 103

assumption - clients best served when focus on behavior symptom not on the thought that leads to it

Answer 104

systematic desensitization for phobia treatment, reduces phobia or anxious response through progressive counterconditioning - anxiety hierarchy - deep relaxation training - association of events in hierarchy with relaxation

Answer 105

flooding - facing fear at a high level, assuming doing so will break the exaggerated terror, safety confront a feared stimulus that is high on the anxiety hierarchy

Answer 106

OCD, face their anxiety and learn to cope without the ritual

Answer 107

relies on observational learning to encourage behaviors that enhance social skills, self-care tasks, communication skills used in schizophrenia and social anxiety especially in children clients use "role models" and try to mimic their behavior through role play and practice reinforced/praised/rewarded when they succeed

Answer 108

mental health is more than the absence of mental illness strong science and understanding and treating mental illness but less devoted to high levels of mental health 40% of overall well-being is due to intentional activities (spending time with loved ones, use of time has a broader meaning)

Psych Exam 11/18/22 Flashcards

(132 cards)